What is the receptor for CXCL12?
CXCL12 acts through its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7. CXCR4 stimulation leads to the activation of numerous signaling pathways depending on the cell types while CXCR7 has mainly been shown to be involved in scavenging CXCL12, although it can activate a MAP kinase pathway through β-arrestin in several systems.
Which cells produce CXCL12?
One of the most studied chemokine is the stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF-1α) also named CXCL12. This chemokine was originally described as a secreted product of bone marrow stromal cell line (Tashiro et al., 1993).
How does CXCL12 work?
CXCL12 binding to the CRS2 region facilitates the interaction of the first two N-terminal residues of the ligand, K and P, with a group of residues mainly present at this domain in the receptor to engage and trigger signaling [Figure 1A, blue and green residues; (112)].
What is the function of CXCL13?
The CXCL13:CXCR5 axis is a key element in B-cell and tumor cell responses. The chemokine CXCL13, acting on the GPCR CXCR5, promotes chemotaxis, germinal center formation, and the differentiation to plasma cells and B-memory lymphocytes. CXCL13 also target cancer cells to promote proliferation, migration, and invasion.
What is CXCL12 CXCR4 axis?
CXCL12/CXCR4 is an angiogenic chemokine axis [66] that participates in tumor angiogenesis via paracrine and autocrine pathways. CXCR4 is expressed at high levels in ECs of tumor [22] as a response to hypoxia [67]. High CXCR4 expression infers denser microvessels [20].
What does CXCL12 bind to?
CXCL12 fulfills its functions in homeostatic and pathological conditions by interacting with its receptors CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) and by binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in tissues and on the endothelium to allow a proper presentation to passing leukocytes.
What does CXCR4 stand for?
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) also known as fusin or CD184 (cluster of differentiation 184) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCR4 gene.
Is CCR5 a protein?
C-C chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5 or CD195, is a protein on the surface of white blood cells that is involved in the immune system as it acts as a receptor for chemokines.
What cells express CXCR4?
CXCR4 is expressed by most cells, including hematopoietic and endothelial cells (ECs), neurons and stem cells (embryonic and adult). Increased levels of CXCR4 are present in cancer cells compared to the normal cells (2, 3).