What is the importance of p53 and p21?
Therefore, our results and other reports suggest that induction of p21 expression can occur via p53 independent pathways in a considerable proportion of carcinomas. Further studies are warranted to clarify the impact of p53 on the function of p21 as a tumor suppressor.
How does p53 interact with p21?
The p53 protein up-regulates (i.e., increases) the expres- sion of at least two genes, p21 and bax, whose encoded products are able to regulate growth arrest and apoptosis. The p53 protein directly induces the expression of the p21 gene (4).
Does p53 regulate p21?
Expression of p21 has been shown to be up-regulated by the p53 tumor suppressor gene in vitro in response to DNA-damaging agents.
How does p53 damage cause cancer?
This altered p53 protein cannot regulate cell growth and division and is unable to trigger apoptosis in cells with mutated or damaged DNA. As a result, DNA damage can accumulate in cells. If such cells continue to divide in an uncontrolled way, they can lead to the formation of bladder cancer.
What effect does p21 have on the cell?
Summary. P21 is a cell cycle inhibitor that is involved in essential cellular processes such as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and transcriptional regulation, as well as differentiation, senescence, and DNA repair.
What is p21 promoter?
Although p21 promoter is a simple native promoter of a gene that is present in all human cells, it can be matched-up with these sophisticated synthetic promoters because it has similar characteristics: it is induced by hypoxia and irradiation, it has a high basal activity that is limited to tumor cells, and after the …
What effect does P21 have on the cell?
Is p21 a tumor suppressor or an oncogene?
p21 induction has been shown to be crucial for promoting cancer cell motility and tumorigenesis [22]. Therefore, p21 can be an oncogenic protein or a tumor suppressor, depending on its localization in the cytoplasm or the nucleus, respectively [23,24].