What causes erythema nodosum Leprosum?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection may cause erythema nodosum. Erythema nodosum leprosum clinically resembles erythema nodosum, but the histologic picture is that of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Lymphogranuloma venereum may cause erythema nodosum. Salmonella infection may cause erythema nodosum.
What is meaning of erythema nodosum Leprosum?
Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is an immune-mediated complication of leprosy, characterized by the presence of multiple inflammatory cutaneous nodules and systemic symptoms such as fever, malaise, arthritis, iritis, neuritis and lymphadenitis.
What type of hypersensitivity is erythema nodosum Leprosum?
Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) or Type-2 Lepra reaction is a manifestation of type III hypersensitivity response and usually occurs in certain cases of lepromatous and borderline lepromatous leprosy. It is usually generalized and evanescent, and responds well to oral corticosteroid therapy.
What is lepromatous leprosy?
Lepromatous leprosy is a form of leprosy characterized by pale macules in the skin. It results from the failure of Th1 cell activation which is necessary to eradicate the mycobacteria (Th1 response is required to activate macrophages that engulf and contain the disease).
What is erythema Marginatum?
Erythema marginatum is reactive inflammatory erythema seen most commonly in association with acute rheumatic fever. Although a rare cutaneous manifestation, it is of utmost diagnostic value for acute rheumatic fever as well as other rare disorders.
What causes erythema nodosum in pregnancy?
Erythema nodosum (EN) is the most common form of panniculitis. It is characterized by erythematous, raised, tender nodules that usually occur bilaterally on the extensor surfaces of the lower extremities. EN is associated with many underlying conditions including infection, sarcoidosis, malignancy, and pregnancy.
What is lepromin test?
A lepromin skin test is used to determine the type of leprosy a person has contracted. The lepromin skin test is also called the leprosy skin test. Leprosy is a long-term (chronic) condition caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae.
What is the difference between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy?
Leprosy has traditionally been classified into two major types, tuberculoid and lepromatous. Patients with tuberculoid leprosy have limited disease and relatively few bacteria in the skin and nerves, while lepromatous patients have widespread disease and large numbers of bacteria.
How do you read a lepromin test?
Understanding the test results The results of the lepromin skin test are based on changes in the skin that occur at the injection site. Redness, swelling, or other skin changes indicate the presence of tuberculoid and borderline tuberculoid leprosy.
What kind of disease is erythema nodosum leprosum?
Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is an immune-mediated complication of leprosy presenting with inflammatory skin nodules and involvement of multiple organ systems, often running a protracted course. Immune complex production and deposition as well as complement activation have long been regarded as the principal aetiology of ENL.
How is the diagnosis of erythema nodosum confirmed?
Erythema nodosum is primarily a clinical diagnosis confirmed by laboratory tests and histopathology. The pathology of erythema nodosum shows inflammation primarily of the septa between the subcutaneous fat lobules without vasculitis. Supporting investigations [4,7] Appropriate tests may include:
What to do if you have erythema nodosum leprosy?
Mild reactions are defined as the presence of a few erythematous nodules associated with low grade fever and malaise. Mild reactions can be successfully managed with rest, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and/or indomethacin, chloroquine, pentoxifylline, colchicine, clofazimine (300mg/day).
How to diagnose en with no known diagnosis of leprosy?
For patients with EN with no known diagnosis of leprosy, the evaluation must include: -Complete blood count with differential; erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels -Further laboratory evaluation should be requested according to the presenting symptom to identify the etiology: