What is characterization of crude oil?
Only the pressure, temperature, specific gravity, and relative amount of each component are used to characterize the oil’s PVT properties. Crude oil systems from various oil-producing regions of the world were used in the development of the correlations.
How Sulphur compounds present in crude oils are divided?
Sulfur in crude oils is mainly present in the form of organosulfur compounds. Organosulfur compounds may generally be classified as acidic and non-acidic. Acidic sulfur compounds are the thiols (mercaptans). Thiophene, sulfides, and disulfides are examples of non-acidic sulfur compounds found in crude fractions.
How does Sulphur content affect crude oil?
Sulfur can also harm some of the catalysts used in refining process units so it must be removed from some intermediate streams before they can be fed to a conversion unit. As a general rule, a crude oil grade with high sulfur content will have a lower value. This type of crude is often referred to as a sour crude.
What is sulfur content in crude oil?
The Sulphur content of crude oils varies from less than 0.05 to more than 10 wt% but generally falls in the range 1–4 wt%. Crude oil with less than 1 wt% sulphur is referred to as low sulphur or sweet, and that with more than 1 wt% sulphur is referred to as high sulphur or sour.
What are the most consistent feature of crude oil?
Many types of crude oil are produced around the world. The market value of an individual crude stream reflects its quality characteristics. Two of the most important quality characteristics are density and sulfur content. Density ranges from light to heavy, while sulfur content is characterized as sweet or sour.
What is Watson characterization factor?
Also known as: K factor, Watson factor, Kw, UOP characterization factor. The characterization factor is a measure of the aromaticity/paraffinicity of a crude oil or of a crude oil fraction. The Watson K factor will range from less than 10 for highly aromatic hydrocarbons and almost 15 for highly paraffinic hydrocarbons …
What are Sulphur containing compounds?
Sulfur compounds are chemical compounds that contain the chemical element sulfur. This chapter discusses the gas chromatography separation of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and methylmercaptan. Mass spectra of aliphatic thiols, thioethers, aromatic thiols and isothiocyanates are determined.
What does sulphur do in oil?
Historically sulfur when used in lubricating oil formulation chemistry it has been used as an additive for an antioxidant, part of antiwear (AW) compounding, extreme pressure (EP), and enhanced lubricity properties (the oil’s ability to lubricate under boundary metal-to-metal contact conditions).
Why does oil contain sulfur?
The industrious work of anaerobic bacteria consumes the free organic matter converting it into simple hydrocarbons with the leaching of sulphur from the surrounding rock, resulting in crude oils having varying degrees of sulphur content. There are several methods for extracting sulphur.
Why is it important to remove the sulfur compounds from crude oil?
Sulfur in crude oil is an impurity. Sulfur can go on to become a secondary air pollutant when the sulfur combines with water in the atmosphere producing sulfuric acid. This is a compound that is found in acid rain and is very corrosive. In order to process crude oil into gasoline, sulfur is removed first.
Which crude oil has more amounts of sulfur?
Sour crude
Sour crude is a type of crude oil known for its relatively high sulfur content. The presence of sulfur makes oil more difficult and costly to refine, causing sour crude to be viewed as a less desirable form of crude oil.
Why are sulfur containing compounds important in petroleum?
Sulfur-containing compounds (SCCs) are the most abundant heteroatom compounds in petroleum. The characterization of SCCs in crude oils and petroleum products has great importance not only for the downstream refining process control/optimization and environmental compliance but also for upstream geochemical studies for exploration and production.
Is there a molecular characterization of sulfur compounds?
However, a comprehensive molecular characterization of OSCs is difficult, since many relatively low concentration sulfur compounds are masked by highly abundant thiophenic compounds and hydrocarbon matrix. Recently, Wang et al. [16] developed a method to separate sulfur compounds in petroleum by methylation and stepwise demethylation processes.
How are sulfur compounds separated from crude oil?
Thiophenic and sulfidic sulfur compounds were selectively separated from the crude oil by the methylation/demethylation method which has been described elsewhere [34]. Briefly, the crude oil sample (0.389 g) was dissolved in 5 mL dichloromethane (DCM).
Where did high sulfur crude oil come from?
A high-sulfur (4.69 wt%) crude oil was discovered in the China Bohai Bay Basin which is known to contain low sulfur crude oil. The composition of this high sulfur crude oil and its geological origin are unknown.