What are primary cancer cells?
A term used to describe the original, or first, tumor in the body. Cancer cells from a primary cancer may spread to other parts of the body and form new, or secondary, tumors. This is called metastasis. These secondary tumors are the same type of cancer as the primary cancer. Also called primary tumor.
What is TLRs function?
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an important family of receptors that constitute the first line of defense system against microbes. They can recognize both invading pathogens and endogenous danger molecules released from dying cells and damaged tissues and play a key role in linking innate and adaptive immunity.
What do TLR agonists do?
TLR agonists are currently under investigation as vaccine adjuvants in anticancer therapies for their ability to activate immune cells and promote inflammation. In humans, although TLRs have been detected on many cell types, most TLRs are expressed primarily on monocytes, mature macrophages, and DCs [11].
Is primary cancer curable?
When they are first diagnosed, these cancers have already spread beyond the site where they started. This means that the types of treatments that are most likely to be successful, such as surgery or radiation therapy, are not likely to result in a cure in most cases.
What’s the difference between primary and secondary cancer?
A primary cancer is where a cancer starts. Sometimes cancer cells can break away from the primary cancer and settle and grow in another part of the body. This new cancer growth is called secondary cancer.
What triggers Toll-like receptors?
The toll pathway is activated by different stimuli, such as Gram positive bacteria, fungi and virulence factors. First, the Spätzle processing enzyme (SPE) is activated in response to infection and cleaves spätzle (spz). Cleaved spätzle then binds to the toll receptor and crosslinks its ectodomains.
What does TLR4 do?
TLR4 has been long recognized as the sensing receptor for gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, it also binds endogenous molecules produced as a result of tissue injury. Hence, TLR4 represents a key receptor on which both infectious and noninfectious stimuli converge to induce a proinflammatory response.
What is TLR antagonist?
TLR antagonists are being investigated for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Examples here include the inhibition of TLR7 and TLR9 in systemic lupus erythematosus, inhibition of TLR4 in sepsis and asthma or allergy, and inhibition of TLR2 in ischaemia and reperfusion injury.
What is TLR adjuvant?
Due to their ability to link the innate with the adaptive immune response, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are highly promising as adjuvants in vaccines against life-threatening and complex diseases such as cancer, AIDS and malaria.