What is SONET explain with diagram?
SONET uses a basic transmission rate of STS–1 that is equivalent to 51.84 Mbps. Higher-level signals are integer multiples of the base rate. For example, STS–3 is three times the rate of STS–1 (3 x 51.84 = 155.52 Mbps). An STS–12 rate would be 12 x 51.84 = 622.08 Mbps. SONET is based on the STS-1 frame.
Which type of multiplexing is used in SONET?
SONET uses time division multiplexing (TDM) to send multiple data streams simultaneously. Its smallest increment of provisioning is VT-1.5, which provides 1.7 Mbps of bandwidth.
What is SONET architecture?
Architecture of SONET consists signals, devices, and connections. 1. SONET Devices. Figure 1 shows a simple link using SONET devices. SONET transmission relies on three basic devices: STS multiplexers/demultiplexers, re-generators, add/drop multiplexers and terminals.
What is SONET in optical fiber?
Synchronous optical networking (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
What is SONET multiplexing?
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) is a standard for synchronous data transmission on optical fibers. In other words, SONET is a standardized digital communication protocol. Data is multiplexed by separating the cable into separate channels. The speed of data transmission is comparable to Gigabit Ethernet speeds.
What is the principle used in SONET multiplexing?
The edge equipment essentially uses an inverse multiplexing protocol to associate all the individual STS-1s with one another to provide the virtually concatenated signal. This requires the transmission of control bytes to provide the association between the various independent STS channels on the transmit side.
What is Sonet multiplexing?
How many layers does the Sonet contain?
SONET Layers: SONET defines 4 layers, namely photonic layer, Section layer, Line layer and Path layer. The photonic layer is the lowest and performs the physical layer activities while all other 3 layers correspond to Data link layer of OSI model.
How does a SONET work?
Synchronous optical networking (SONET) is a standardized digital communication protocol that is used to transmit a large volume of data over relatively long distances using a fiber optic medium. With SONET, multiple digital data streams are transferred at the same time over optical fiber using LEDs and laser beams.
What is the topology of SONET?
This topology is a dual ring. Each ring is an optical fiber cable. One ring is the working facility. The other ring is the protection facility, which acts as a standby in the event of fiber or system failure on the working facility.
What kind of multiplexing is used in SONET?
SONET networks today frequently combine time division multiplexing (TDM) with dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) to maximise the bandwidth of a single optical fibre. The resulting specification was described in the ANSI standard T1.105 published in 1988.
How does the Synchronous Optical Network ( SONET ) work?
Like the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) that it would subsequently supersede, the Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) was based on a multiplexing hierarchy in which each level multiplexed together a number of data streams from the level below it.
How does the section layer ( Ste ) work in SONET?
The section layer (STE) performs framing and scrambling and adds section overhead to form an STS-n signal. Finally, the electrical STS signal is converted to an optical signal for the photonic layer and transmitted over the fiber to the distant node.
What is the bit rate of the SONET SPE?
The SPE also includes 18 stuffing bytes, leaving a net payload capacity of 756 bytes (this is sufficient to accommodate a full PDH DS3 frame).The next level of the SONET multiplexing hierarchy is STS-3 (OC-3) which combines three STS-1 signals to give a bit rate of 155.52 Mbps.