What does IL-4 do in asthma?
IL-4, produced by T lymphocytes, activated mast cells and basophils, is involved in asthma via its role in many cellular mechanisms such as IgE production, eosinophil chemotaxis and the development of effector T cell responses [72].
What does IL-4 stimulate?
Interleukin 4 has many biological roles, including the stimulation of activated B cell and T cell proliferation, and the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. It is a key regulator in humoral and adaptive immunity. IL-4 induces B cell class switching to IgE, and up-regulates MHC class II production.
Is IL-4 pro or anti inflammatory?
Interleukin-4 and IL-10 are pleiotropic anti-inflammatory cytokines that function mainly by suppressing the pro-inflammatory milieu. Several different immune cells that produce IL-4 are activated T cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and NKT cells (21, 22).
What causes cytokine release?
When the immune system detects a threat, cells release cytokines to coordinate the body’s response. In CRS, the immune system is overactive. The elevated cytokines cause harmful levels of inflammation throughout the body, which disrupts normal bodily functions.
Is IL-4 proinflammatory or anti inflammatory?
Do B cells secrete IL-4?
On the other hand, defined effector B cell subsets produce cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-12p40, TNF-α or IL-2, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-13 (8, 12, 13). These B cell-derived cytokines have been described to influence the outcome of infectious diseases.
What produces il13?
Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a profibrotic cytokine responsible for Th2 responses in humans. Released by T cells, mast cells, and eosinophils, IL-13 is typically associated with allergic inflammation, including asthma.
Is IL-4 an anti-inflammatory cytokine?
What is the function of IL 4 induced gene 1?
IL-4-induced gene-1 (Il4i1 or Fig1) initially isolated as a gene of unknown function from mouse B lymphocytes, is limited in expression to primarily immune tissues and genetically maps to a region of susceptibility to autoimmune disease.
How does il4i1 upregulation affect Th17 cells?
IL4I1 upregulation in human Th17 cells limits their TCR-mediated expansion not only by blocking the molecular pathway involved in the activation of the IL-2 promoter, but also by maintaining high levels of Tob1, which impairs entry into the cell cycle.
How is il4i1 inhibited by benzoic acid?
In support of this selectivity, IL4I1 is inhibited by aromatic competitors (benzoic acid and para-aminobenzoic acid), but not by nonaromatic LAAO inhibitors. Il4i1 protein and enzyme activity is found in the insoluble fraction of transient transfections, implying an association with cell membrane and possibly intracellular organelles.
How is il4i1 translated to red fluorescent protein?
Confocal microscopy of cells expressing IL4I1 translationally fused to red fluorescent protein demonstrated that IL4I1 colocalized with GFP targeted to lysosomes and with acriflavine, a green fluorescent dye that is taken up into lysosomes.