What causes B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder?
Lymphoproliferative disorders originate when physiological mechanisms of control of proliferation of both T and B cells break down, resulting in the uncontrolled and autonomous increase of immune cells leading to lymphocytosis and lymphadenopathy, and often involvement of extranodal sites, e.g., bone marrow.
How does EBV cause B-cell lymphoma?
Some occur as rare accidents of virus persistence in the B lymphoid system, while others arise as a result of viral entry into unnatural target cells. The early finding that EBV is a potent B-cell growth transforming agent hinted at a simple oncogenic mechanism by which this virus could promote lymphomagenesis.
What is the connection between Epstein-Barr virus and B-cell lymphoma?
EBV-positive (EBV+) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is associated with both latency type II and III patterns (7). EBV latency proteins play a critical role in disrupting key signaling pathways that promote lymphomagenesis.
Is B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder cancer?
B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders are conditions in the blood involving uncontrolled growth of lymphocytes (white blood cells). These conditions include such cancers as multiple myeloma, Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and such precursor conditions as monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis.
How does EBV affect B cells?
In vitro, EBV efficiently infects mature, resting B lymphocytes, activates them, and induces their continuous proliferation, leading to established lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL).
Can EBV turn into lymphoma?
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is linked to various B-cell lymphomas, including Burkitt lymphoma (BL), classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) at frequencies ranging, by routine techniques, from 5 to 10% of cases in DLBCL to >95% in endemic BL.
What is EBV in lymphoma?
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the virus that causes mononucleosis, also known as “mono,” and it is associated with some types of NHL. These include Burkitt lymphoma, lymphomas occurring after an organ transplant, and, rarely, other lymphomas in people who are otherwise healthy.
How do B cells become cancerous?
B cells can produce lymphotoxin, which induces angiogenesis and thus promotes tumor growth. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tEVs) can activate B cells to produce antibodies, which can bind antigen and form immune complexes.
Where does B cell lymphoma start?
B-cell lymphoma usually begins in the lymph nodes, but it can also appear in other parts of the immune system, such as the spleen or bone marrow. Doctors usually detect lymphoma in the lymph system, which includes the lymph nodes and lymph fluid. However, the cancer can also travel outside of this system.
Are there any lymphoproliferative disorders associated with EBV?
EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders are rare; the criteria for which are: EBV-associated malignancies include B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, and the non-lymphoproliferative cancers, nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma [2].
Is the EBV positive reactive lymphoid hyperplasia malignant?
They are usually self-limiting, non-malignant disorders but have a variable possibility of progressing to a malignant lymphoproliferative disease. EBV-positive reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (or EBV-positive reactive lymphoid proliferation) is a benign form of lymphadenopathy, i.e. swollen, often painful lymph nodes.
How does the EBV enter the lymphoid cell?
EBV may escape their infected B cell to invade follicular dendritic cells through this CD21 entry pathway. However, it is also thought possible that the EBV may direct its infected lymphoid cell to mature into an apparent follicular dendritic cell.
What kind of T cells are infected with EBV?
The T cells that may become infected by EBV are natural killer T cells (NK cells), Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells), cytotoxic T cells (CTL), helper T cells (T h cells), and follicular B helper T cells (T FH cells). The means by which EBV establishes an dendritic-histiocytic cell (i.e. follicular dendritic cell) infection are unclear.