What is a normal gradient with bioprosthetic aortic valve?
For a normally functioning aortic prosthesis, the DVI is typically above 0.30 and for a normally functioning mitral prosthesis DVI should be <2.2.
What is bioprosthetic aortic valve?
Bioprosthetic valves are generally made of either bovine pericardium or porcine aortic valves, but may also be produced from equine or porcine pericardium. The advantage of these bioprosthetic valves is that they do not require life-long anticoagulation.
Is aortic and mitral valve the same?
The mitral valve separates the left upper and left lower chambers of the heart. The aortic valve is located at the top of the left lower chamber of the heart.
How long does bioprosthetic aortic valve last?
Because most bioprosthetic valves are free from structural deterioration for 12 –15 years, many patients will die before the valves degenerate. The risk of tissue valve reoperation increases progressively with time, especially in younger patients.
What is mean gradient in aortic stenosis?
In normal-flow states, a peak-to-peak gradient at cardiac catheterization of >50 mm Hg or a mean gradient by Doppler of >40 or 50 mm Hg has been accepted traditionally as severe stenosis.
Where are the aortic and mitral valves?
The mitral valve and tricuspid valve are located between the atria (upper heart chambers) and the ventricles (lower heart chambers). The aortic valve and pulmonic valve are located between the ventricles and the major blood vessels leaving the heart.
What is aortic and mitral valve replacement?
Aortic valve repair and aortic valve replacement are procedures that treat diseases affecting the aortic valve, one of four valves that control blood flow through the heart. The aortic valve helps keep blood flowing in the correct direction through the heart.
Which is less common aortic valve or bioprosthetic valve?
Because bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement is much less common than aortic valve replacement, data are even more limited.
When to anticoagulate a bioprosthetic mitral valve?
Finally, even though fewer data are available, patients with bioprosthetic mitral valves appear to be at higher risk for thrombotic complications, and routine anticoagulation for 3-6 months is recommended.
What is parasternal long axis view of bioprosthetic valve?
Parasternal long-axis view is notable for biatrial enlargement, a dilated and dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tract, and a large echodensity of the atrial side of the bioprosthetic mitral valve. Continuous wave Doppler through the mitral valve reveals markedly elevated gradients, compatible with severe bioprosthetic stenosis.
Which is the best indicator of mitral valve obstruction?
1. A pressure half-time ˃130 msec is the single best indicator of prosthetic obstruction. 2. Taking into account heart rate is not necessary when assessing trans-mitral gradients. 3. Pannus in-growth is more common in the mitral position than with aortic PHVs. 4. A peak velocity ≥2.5 m/sec suggests significant stenosis.