What disease is caused by bacterial exotoxin?
Major human diseases caused by exotoxins produced by anaerobes include botulisms, tetanus, foodborne illness caused by enterotoxin-producing Clostridium perfringens, and diarrhea/colitis caused by toxigenic Clostridium difficile.
What infectious disease is caused by bacterial endotoxins?
The syndromes most commonly connected with bacterial endotoxins are sepsis and septic shock, which are systemic complica- tions of many diseases. Systemic infections (septicemias) caused by invasive Gram-negative bacteria are a well known source of endotoxin exposure.
What disease does endotoxin cause?
Blood and brain endotoxin levels are elevated in Alzheimer’s disease, which is accelerated by systemic infections, including gum disease. Endotoxin binds directly to APOE, and the APOE4 variant both sensitises to endotoxin and predisposes to Alzheimer’s disease.
What symptoms do exotoxins cause?
TABLE 1
| Symptom or criterion | Description |
|---|---|
| Multisystem involvementa | |
| Gastrointestinal: vomiting or diarrhea at onset of illness | |
| Muscular: severe myalgia, or creatinine phosphokinase level at least twice the upper limit of normal | |
| Mucous membrane: vaginal, oropharyngeal, or conjuctival hyperemia |
How do bacteria cause disease?
Bacteria cause disease by secreting or excreting toxins (as in botulism), by producing toxins internally, which are released when the bacteria disintegrate (as in typhoid), or by inducing sensitivity to their antigenic properties (as in tuberculosis).
How do bacteria cells cause damage to host cells?
Upon the use of host nutrients for its own cellular processes, the bacteria may also produce toxins or enzymes that will infiltrate and destroy the host cell. The production of these destructive products results in the direct damage of the host cell. The waste products of the microbes will also damage to the cell.
Why are endotoxins bad?
Endotoxin is bad for you as it may cause an acute airways inflammation, manifested by subjective and clinical findings. The effects are worse among those with an existing airways inflammation induced by chemical agents, infection, or tobacco smoke.
What are bacterial endotoxins?
Bacterial endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria. The highly pyrogenic nature of bacterial endotoxins made the terms of pyrogen, endotoxin, and LPS synonymous.
What is bacterial endotoxin?
An endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. It exists in the environment (e.g. water, air) inhabited by gram-negative bacteria, and bacterial endotoxins (LPS) remain even after the bacteria die.
Why do bacterial pathogens produce exotoxins?
Exotoxins are a group of soluble proteins that are secreted by the bacterium, enter host cells, and catalyze the covalent modification of a host cell component(s) to alter the host cell physiology. Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins.
What are some examples of bacterial toxins?
Bacterial toxins have a wide variety of activity. Some toxins damage the cell wall of host cells, either by dissolving the wall or by chemically punching holes through the wall. Examples of such toxins are the alpha toxin of Clostridium perfringens, hemolysin of Escherichia coli, and streptokinase of Streptococcus pyogenes.
Are exotoxins more heat stable than endotoxins?
Also, endotoxins are less toxic than exotoxins. Additionally, exotoxins are specific to a particular bacterial strain while endotoxins are not. Therefore, this is one significant difference between endotoxin and exotoxin. Besides, exotoxins are not heat stable, whereas endotoxins are heat stable.
What are toxins produced by bacteria?
Microbial toxin. Microbial toxins are toxins produced by micro-organisms, including bacteria and fungi. Microbial toxins promote infection and disease by directly damaging host tissues and by disabling the immune system. Some bacterial toxins, such as Botulinum neurotoxins, are the most potent natural toxins known.
What do bacterial toxins do?
Toxins from Bacteria Anthrax lethal toxin is produced by Bacillus anthracis. Botulinum toxin, produced by Clostridium botulinum, is one of the most poisonous substance known. Pertussis toxin is produced by the Bordetella pertussis bacteria which causes whooping cough. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is the toxin most often associated with food poisoning.