How can we reduce heat consumption in cement kiln?
The heat loss through the shell of the rotary kiln in the modern cement kiln with pre-calciner can be reduced by decrease the fuel in the main burner as much as possible and increasing the fuel in the pre-calciner unit to be reduce the thermal load on the rotary kiln.
How does a clinker cooler work?
During the cement production, the raw material reaches a temperature of about 1450 ° C in the kiln. The clinker particles, which are first sent to the isokinetic inlet from the kiln, are cooled up to 65 ° C + ambient temperature in the cooling equipment operating with the sudden cooling principle.
Which type of cooling of clinker in the rotary cooler will result in higher strength of Portland cement?
Mineralogical Characterisation of Cements Containing Copper Slag
| Temperature, °C | Sample | Phase, % by Weight |
|---|---|---|
| C2S | ||
| 1450 | Control | 9.20 |
| 1.25% CS | 7.64 | |
| 1.85% CS | 9.47 |
How do you measure the capacity of a kiln?
Calculating Kiln Volume
- Volume of a sprung arch kiln: Volume = Width x Depth x (height of the side wall + 2/3 of the rise)
- Volume of a catenary kiln: Volume = Depth x Arch Area (4/3 height x 1/2 base width)
- Volume of a barrel:
- Volume of a flat top kiln:
How much CO2 is produced by cement production?
The manufacture of cement produces about 0.9 pounds of CO2 for every pound of cement. Since cement is only a fraction of the constituents in concrete, manufacturing a cubic yard of concrete (about 3900 lbs) is responsible for emitting about 400 lbs of CO2.
How do you calculate specific heat consumption?
How do I calculate specific heat? Q = m*s*dT, where Q = heat, m = mass, s = specific heat, and dT is the change in temperature (T2 – T1). You can use this formula to calculate the specific heat.
Why clinker is cooled rapidly?
Clinker cooling is necessary because: Hot clinker is difficult to convey. Hot clinker has a negative effect on the grinding Process. The reclaimed heat content of the hot clinker of about 200 kcal/kg, is an important factor lowering the production cost.
How does a grate cooler work?
The essential characteristic of a grate cooler is a layer of clinker spread on a more-or-less horizontal perforated grate, through which cold air is blown. The grate is made of steel, and the cold air keeps it sufficiently cool to avoid melting or burning.
Which clinker phase is responsible for later strength?
Calcium silicate phases, alite and belite, are among the main components of modern portland cements. Alite reacts relatively rapidly with water and is responsible for most of the early strength development of concretes. Belite is less reactive at early ages, but can contribute appreciably to strength at later ages.
Why Gypsum is added to clinker?
Gypsum is added to clinker primarily as an additive preventing the flash settings of the cement, but it is also very effective to facilitate the grinding of clinker by preventing agglomeration and coating of the powder at the surface of balls and mill wall.
How hot is a cement kiln?
Kiln charge temperatures in the sintering zone of rotary kilns range at around 1450 °C. To reach these, flame temperatures of about 2000 °C are necessary.
What is kiln torque?
The kiln torque is created by gravity acting on the material bed in the kiln. As the kiln rotates, the material bed is not aligned vertically with the kiln axis and this creates a torque that opposes kiln rotation. Thus, the intensity of the torque reflects the material bed angle inside the kiln.