What is Hypothalamo hypophyseal gonadal axis?
The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis) refers to the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonadal glands as if these individual endocrine glands were a single entity. Fluctuations in this axis cause changes in the hormones produced by each gland and have various local and systemic effects on the body.
What does the HPA do?
A major component of the homeostatic response is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, an intricate, yet robust, neuroendocrine mechanism that mediates the effects of stressors by regulating numerous physiological processes, such as metabolism, immune responses, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
What happens when the HPA axis is activated?
Reference (in addition to linked text above): Chrousos GP. Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009 Jul;5(7):374-81.
What does Hpta mean?
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis
HPTA
| Acronym | Definition |
|---|---|
| HPTA | Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis (relationship between these glands and the production of testosterone) |
| HPTA | Humic Products Trade Association (Spring Green, WI) |
| HPTA | Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Testes Axis (male endocrine system) |
| HPTA | Human Powered Transportation Association (Ontario, Canada) |
What do the gonads secrete?
The gonads (the testes in males and ovaries in females) are responsible for the production of steroid hormones, such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.
What triggers the HPA axis?
During stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated. Hypothalamic neurons within the HPA axis secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone that causes the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary. The ACTH causes the adrenal gland to secrete cortisol (a stress hormone).
What regulates the HPA axis?
In addition to glucocorticoid feedback, the HPA axis is regulated at the level of the hypothalamus by a diverse group of afferent projections from limbic, mid-brain, and brain stem nuclei.
Does the HPA release epinephrine?
Activation of the HPA axis initiates a number of behavioral and physiological changes that can improve an individual’s chance of survival when faced with homeostasis challenges. Our initial stress response occurs almost immediately and results in the secretion of hormones called epinephrine and norepinephrine.
How does the hippocampus regulate the HPA axis?
Both GR and mineralocorticoid receptors are expressed in high abundance in the hippocampus. Regulation of HPA axis stress responses are controlled in large part by the ventral hippocampus/ventral subiculum (vSUB). Stimulation of the ventral hippocampus produces inhibition of HPA activity.
What does HP stand for in Spanish?
horsepower (hp) {noun} ES. caballos (cv)
Is the gonadal vein in males or females?
Dr Daniel J Bell ◉ and Dr Julian Maingard et al. The gonadal veins are paired structures that drain the gonads in males and females. In males it is called the testicular vein (or internal spermatic vein) and in females it is called the ovarian vein.
Where are the gonadal veins in a Labrador Retriever?
Fig. 1. Dorsal thick-slab MPR MDCT image of the abdomen in a 8-year-old female Labrador Retriever showing the normal anatomy of the left and right gonadal veins and their relationships with the caudal caval venous system. The left gonadal vein (lgv) enters the left renal vein (lrv).
Where does the left gonadal vein drain into?
The gonadal veins ascend with the gonadal arteries in the abdomen along the psoas muscle anterior to the ureters. Like the suprarenal veins each side drains differently: the left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein.