How is p53 controlled?
p53 is regulated by an array of posttranslational modifications both during normal homeostasis and in stress-induced responses. More than 36 different amino acids within p53 have been shown to be modified in various biochemical and cell culture studies (Figure 1) (Kruse and Gu, 2008b).
Are there any drugs being developed in connection with p53?
With respect to p53, the field is making progress with several drugs now in phase I clinical trials and new lead compounds being developed. Over 30 years of research on the p53 tumor suppressor has substantiated it as one of most critically important genes in human tumor biology [4].
What can inhibit p53?
The apoptosis-inducing activity of p53 can also be inhibited by inducing degradation of the p53 protein by cellular or viral proteins such as mdm-2 (34), HPV E6 (35), and adenovirus E1B55 and E4orf6 (36) or by compounds such as the NAD(P)H oxidoreductase 1 inhibitor dicoumarol and hsp90 inhibitors (9–11).
Is p53 an inhibiting protein?
Therefore, under certain conditions, inhibition of p53 can serve to prevent inappropriately triggered apoptosis in normal tissues. We have identified a short 22-mer peptide derived from the p53 core domain (peptide 14), which can inhibit p53 specific DNA binding.
Does p53 induce apoptosis?
P53 induces apoptosis in nontransformed cells mostly by direct transcriptional activation of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins PUMA and (to a lesser extent) NOXA. Combined loss of the p53 effectors of apoptosis (PUMA plus NOXA) and cell cycle arrest/cell senescence (p21) does not cause spontaneous tumour development.
Does p53 stop the cell cycle?
Activated p53 can halt cell division in both the G1 and G2 phases of the cell division cycle. G1 is the preparation phase of the cell before replication of its DNA and G2 prepares the cell for mitosis.
How can I increase my p53 protein?
Vitamin C is able to increase the levels of p53 within colon cancer cells, according to a study published by the Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in 2011.
How many amino acids are in p53?
The human p53 protein consists of 393 amino acids and contains four major functional domains. At the N-terminus is a transcriptional activation domain (amino acids 1 – 42) and within the central part of p53 is the sequence-specific DNA-binding domain (amino acids 102 – 292).
What protein does p53 induce?
An important p53 transcription target gene was identified as p53AIP1 (p53-regulated apoptosis-inducing protein 1), which is located in the mitochondrial membrane and is directly involved in p53-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis.
What does p53 do when a cell has DNA damage?
Activation of p53 in response to DNA damage is associated with a rapid increase in its levels and with an increased ability of p53 to bind DNA and mediate transcriptional activation. This then leads to the activation of a number of genes whose products trigger cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, or DNA repair.