What is the role of IL-22?
IL-22 is one of the cytokines that are immediately produced to initiate immune response against several tissue impairments. IL-22 is a fundamental mediator in inflammation, mucous production, protective role against pathogens, wound healing, and tissue regeneration.
How is interleukin produced?
The majority of interleukins are synthesized by CD4 helper T-lymphocyte, as well as through monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, and hematopoietic cells.
Why are interleukins produced?
Interleukins are secreted protein molecules made by the immune system and have many functions such as the development of T and B lymphocytes and other blood cells. Interleukins are composed of four major groups with different structural features.
What cells produce IL-1β?
Among the IL-1 family ligands, IL-1β is produced by mononuclear phagocytes in response to infectious or other stressful events, and initiates a potent defensive inflammatory response, while the structurally similar IL-1α is released only upon cell death and functions as an alarmin (Dinarello, 2011a; Rider et al., 2013) …
What cell produces IL 23?
IL-23 is mainly produced by macrophages and dendritic cells, in response to exogenous or endogenous signals, and drives the differentiation and activation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells with subsequent production of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-6, IL-22, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α).
Do NK cells secrete IL-12?
NK cells secrete large quantities of IFN-γ in response to Herceptin-coated human breast cancer cells and IL-12. (a) The MDA-468 and SKBR3 cell lines were cultured with purified NK cells in our in vitro coculture assay.
What kind of T cells produce IL-22?
“Th22” is often used as nomenclature for CD4 helper T cells that produce IL-22, and these cells often also produce IL-17 and/or IFN-γ. The other major cellular source of IL-22 is ILC3s. These rare cells were discovered in part because of their very high production of IL-22 ( 27 ).
What are the sources of IL-22 in the body?
Other cellular sources of IL-22 include most lymphocytes, with the exception of B cells. γδ T cells can be substantial sources of IL-22, especially in the lungs or skin (32). Activated NK cells can produce low levels of IL-22 (33).
Can a NK cell produce low levels of IL-22?
Activated NK cells can produce low levels of IL-22 ( 33 ). Lymphoid tissue inducer cells secrete IL-22 ( 34, 35 ), and this may have a role in lymphoid tissue formation, although IL-22 is not required for lymph node formation ( 33, 36, 37 ).
How does IL-22 protect cells from apoptosis?
Through induction of the Bcl family members, IL-22 is thought to protect cells from apoptosis ( 18 ). IL-22 has both conserved and unique effects on different cell types in different tissues.