What is electron resonance frequency?
Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) is a phenomenon observed in plasma physics, condensed matter physics, and accelerator physics. It happens when the frequency of incident radiation coincides with the natural frequency of rotation of electrons in magnetic fields.
How does an ECR ion source work?
ECR ion sources use a magnetic field to confine the ions and electrons. Electrons moving in the magnetic field perform cyclotron motion with the Larmor frequency. Electrons are heated by resonant transfer of energy from microwaves (MWs). The impact of energetic electrons on neutral atoms (gas or metal) produces ions.
What causes hyperfine splitting?
The hyperfine splitting (hfs) is a special feature of ESR caused by the interaction of electron spins with the magnetic nuclei in the sample. The magnetic field separation between two neighboring peaks in the splitting due to the same nucleus is called the hfs-constant of that magnetic nucleus.
What is the resonance condition in a cyclotron?
Solution. In cyclotron operation when the frequency f at which the positive ion circulates in the magnetic field must be equal to the constant frequency of the electrical oscillator fosc. This is called resonance condition.
What is the resonance condition in cyclotron?
What is the role of resonance in the operation of a cyclotron?
Cyclotron resonance of electrons at the surface of a semiconductor has been observed at a frequency of ~1012Hz. Cyclotron resonance is widely used in solid-state physics to study the energy spectrum of conduction electrons. It is employed primarily for the precise measurement of the effective mass m* of such electrons.
What do you mean by hyperfine splitting?
2.2 Hyperfine splitting The hyperfine splitting (hfs) is a special feature of ESR caused by the interaction of electron spins with the magnetic nuclei in the sample. The magnetic field separation between two neighboring peaks in the splitting due to the same nucleus is called the hfs-constant of that magnetic nucleus.
What causes the splitting of energy levels in a magnetic field?
Answer: In quantum physics, energy level splitting or a split in an energy level of a quantum system occurs when a perturbation changes the system. This may occur because of external fields, quantum tunnelling between states, or other effects.
What is the resonance condition?
The conditions to produce resonance in an object are: The object must have a minimum of one natural frequency of vibration. The object must be driven by an external force of vibration. The frequency of the external vibrating force must be similar to the object’s natural frequency of vibration.
What is the resonance condition *?
Resonance occurs when a system is able to store and easily transfer energy between two or more different storage modes (such as kinetic energy and potential energy in the case of a simple pendulum). However, there are some losses from cycle to cycle, called damping.
What is resonance frequency in cyclotron?
Cyclotron resonance frequency The cyclotron frequency or gyrofrequency is the frequency of a charged particle moving perpendicular to the direction of a uniform magnetic field B (constant magnitude and direction).
What is hyperfine splitting in quantum mechanics?
The hyperfine splitting is due to the interaction of the magnetic moments of the electron and proton, which gives a slightly different magnetic energy for each spin state. These energy shifts are only about ten – millionths of an electron volt – really very small compared with 10 volts.