What is axle load survey?
Axle loads and gross vehicle weights can be measured by static or dynamic methods. In a static method, vehicles are stopped to measure their axle loads; the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) portable weighbridqe and the wheel weighing pad are often used for this purpose.
How is axle load measured?
It is basically the total weight bearing on the track. It is determined by the weight of rails, the density of sleepers and fixtures, train speeds, amount of ballast, and the strength of bridges and earthworks. Generally, a given side of the track is designed to bear the maximum axle load.
What is the standard axle load?
Legal axle load: The maximum allowed axle load on the roads is called legal axle load. For highways the maximum legal axle load in India, specified by IRC, is 10 tonnes. Standard axle load: It is a single axle load with dual wheel carrying 80 KN load and the design of pavement is based on the standard axle load.
What is the use of axle load survey?
The main purpose of the axle loads for trucks survey is to collect preliminary information regarding the range of heavy axle loads traversing the nation’s main highways.
What is axle load spectrum?
As mentioned earlier, axle load spectra consist of axle load and. axle repetition information for various axle configurations 共single, tandem, tridem and quad兲, and is used to create an axle load. distribution that can represent axle loads and associated varia-
What is a single axle load?
ESAL Defined: One ESAL represents the loading that produces an amount of damage to the pavement structure equivalent to one pass of a single 18,000-pound, dual-tire axle with all four tires inflated to 110 psi. Trucks assigned to the 3-axle category have one front axle and a tandem rear axle set.
How is vehicle damage factor calculated?
Initial traffic in the year of completion of construction = 400 CVPD (sum of both directions) Traffic growth rate = 7.5 % Design life = 15 years. Vehicle damage factor based on axle load survey = 2.5 standard axle per commercial vehicle.
What is single axle load?
Vehicles can have many axles which will distribute the load into different axles, and in turn to the pavement through the wheels. Equivalent single axle load. Vehicles can have many axles which will distribute the load into different axles, and in turn to the pavement through the wheels.
What is axle train?
The wheels on each side of a train car are connected with a metal rod called an axle. This axle keeps the two train wheels moving together, both turning at the same speed when the train is moving. This is where the wheels’ geometry comes in. To help the wheels stay on the track their shape is usually slightly conical.
What are the legal axle weights?
The Federal single-axle weight limit on the Interstate System is 20,000 pounds. Tandem-Axle Weight—The total weight on two or more consecutive axles whose centers are spaced more than 40 inches apart but not more than 96 inches apart. The Federal tandem-axle weight limit on the Interstate System is 34,000 pounds.
Which is the permissible axle load in India?
While such norms have been laid down in India also, these are quite liberal in relation to the road pavement strength. The currently permissible axle load is 10.2 tonnes although most of the roads have been designed for an axle load of 8.16 tonnes. It is, however, a rare trucker who adheres to the prescribed norms.
What is the aim of axle load calculations?
The aim of axle load calculations is to optimise the chassis and bodywork location. It is important to be able to transport the maximum payload without exceeding the maximum permitted axle and bogie weight, taking into account the legal require-ments and technical limitations.
Why are there restrictions on front axle load?
Restrictions on the front axle load apply primarily because the vehicle has to meet the requirements of steering torque. There are several possible basic vehicle wheel and axle arrangements: single wheel, dual wheel; single axle, tandem axle and tridem axle.
How are axle weight and bodywork calculations calculated?
Axle weight and bodywork calculations are based on static equilibrium, • The sum of the downward forces is equal to the sum of the upward forces. This means that the sum of the weight of all the truck’s components and its load is as great as the truck’s axle weights.