Is HOTAIR a lncRNA?
HOTAIR is an lncRNA that plays a role as an oncogenic molecule in different cancer cells, such as breast, gastric, colorectal, and cervical cancer cells. Therefore, HOTAIR expression level is a potential biomarker for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in several cancers.
What is HOTAIR gene?
HOTAIR (for HOX transcript antisense RNA) is a human gene located between HOXC11 and HOXC12 on chromosome 12. It is the first example of an RNA expressed on one chromosome that has been found to influence transcription of HOXD cluster posterior genes located on chromosome 2.
What is the function of the ncrna HOTAIR?
HOTAIR acts as a key regulator of genes involved in the EMT [129]. Various studies also demonstrate that HOTAIR regulates various genes associated with cell cycle progression, cellular structural integrity, cell-cell signaling and development.
What is the mechanism by which HOTAIR inhibits gene transcription?
our results suggest that HOTAIR epigenetically suppresses miR-122 expression via DNA methylation, leading to activation of Cyclin G1 and promotion of tumorigenicity in HCC, which provide new insight into the mechanism of HOTAIR-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis via suppressing miR-122.
What different types of molecules can ncRNAs bind?
ncRNAs can bind to DNA and RNA due to complementary base pairing. Stem-loops in ncRNAs can bind to the surface of proteins. Also, segments of ncRNAs can form pockets for the binding of small molecules.
Which mechanism is are used by ncRNAs to bind to other molecules?
Question 26 Which mechanism is NOT used by ncRNAs to bind to other molecules? A stem loop structure in the ncRNA binds to a specific DNA sequence. Several stem loop structures form a shape that binds to a small molecule.
How does a hot air work?
Science tell us that hot air rises, and as the air is heated inside the balloon it causes it to rise upwards (because it is lighter than the cooler air on the outside). When the pilot needs to bring the balloon down again, he simply reduces the temperature of the air inside the balloon causing it to slowly descend.
When did science discover the Rnai mechanism?
In 1998, the American scientists Andrew Fire and Craig Mello published their discovery of a mechanism that can degrade mRNA from a specific gene. This mechanism, RNA interference, is activated when RNA molecules occur as double-stranded pairs in the cell.
Where in the cell does RNAi occur?
RNAi’s Role in Fighting Disease The relationship between the target mRNA sequence and the sequence required for a functional siRNA or miRNA is well-established, allowing scientists to synthesize interfering RNAs as needed.
When did science discover the RNAi mechanism?
What type of ncRNA is tRNA?
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.
Is mRNA a ncRNA?
As a consequence, RNAs translated into proteins were named messenger RNAs (mRNA) as opposed to those that do not, which are referred to as non-coding or regulatory RNAs (ncRNA), clearly discriminating RNAs according to their protein coding capacity.
Which is a lncRNA that targets PRC2 in trans?
The best-known example of PRC2 targeting in trans by a lncRNA comes from the HOX antisense intergenic RNA HOTAIR. This is a 2,148-nucleotide-long RNA, originating from the HOXC locus, that has been reported to be necessary to target PRC2 in trans to the HOXD locus and additional genomic loci (Rinn et al, 2007; Chu et al, 2011 ).
Which is repressive of HOTAIR independent of PRC2?
Contrary to expectation, HOTAIR can exert repressive effects independent of PRC2, whose recruitment may rather be a downstream consequence of gene silencing. Overexpression of lncRNA HOTAIR in breast cancer cells has limited transcriptional consequences. Artificial tethering of HOTAIR at a reporter transgene leads to transcriptional repression.
What is the role of the lincRNA HOTAIR?
HOTAIR has been manifested as of the first lincRNA with trans-binding regulatory capability, contributing to regulation of the distant genes. Evolutionarily, transcription of HOTAIR has only been determined in mammalians, including all vertebrates [ 18 ].
Where is the promoter region of HOTAIR located?
Schematic location of HOTAIR. This lincRNA has been located at 12q13.13, between HOXC11 and HOXC12 genes, in the antisense strand. It contains six exons (including two domains in the exon 6). The promoter region of HOTAIR contains different binding factor location, including ER, IRF1 and NF-κB