How is AZOOR diagnosed?

How is AZOOR diagnosed?

AZOOR is usually seen in young women with an acute onset of photopsia. Diagnosis of AZOOR is often missed without accurate diagnostic tests. An accurate diagnosis is made by combining results from the fundus evaluation, visual field testing, fluorescein angiograms and an electoretinogram (ERG).

What is AZOOR?

Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) is a rare condition that affects the eyes. People with this condition may experience a sudden onset of photopsia (the presence of perceived flashes of light) and an area of partial vision loss (a blindspot). Other symptoms may include “whitening of vision” or blurred vision.

Does AZOOR get better?

What is the Natural Course of AZOOR? Some patients may notice an early progression in the visual field loss, but this often stabilizes eventually, usually by six months. Up to 25% of patients may have a variable improvement in visual field.

Is AZOOR an autoimmune disease?

At the present time there is no definitive evidence of an infectious cause of AZOOR. Autoimmune disease is suggested by the female predominance and possible response to immune suppressive therapy.

Is Azoor hereditary?

The sequential outer retinal, RPE, and choroidal zonal lesions and the trizonal features on SD-OCT, FAF imaging, and ICG angiography are unique in diagnosing AZOOR in these patients. Furthermore, no known genetic predisposition or serum antibodies implicate hereditary or other inflammatory diseases.

What is acute macular Neuroretinopathy?

Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy (AMN) is a rare disease first reported in 1975 (by Bos and Deutman). It is characterized by the sudden-onset of one or more paracentral scotomas. These scotomas generally persist indefinitely, though some resolve partially over months.

How common is acute macular Neuroretinopathy?

Acute macular neuroretinopathy is a rare entity encountered in clinical practice.

What does Neuroretinopathy mean?

(nū″rō-rĕt″ĭ-nŏp′ă-thē) [″ + ″ + Gr. pathos, disease, suffering] Pathology of the retina and optic nerve.

How common is MEWDS?

The typical patient with MEWDS is a healthy middle aged female age 15-50. There is a gender disparity as women are affected with MEWDS four times more often than men. Roughly 30% of patients have experienced an associated viral prodrome.

What kind of imaging is used for AZOOR?

Diagnosis of AZOOR was made on the basis of clinical presentation and multimodal imaging. All patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation and multimodal retinal imaging, including color fundus photos, fundus autofluorescence, fundus fluorescein angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

How is AZOOR treated with intravitreal injections?

The presence of CNV expands the clinical spectrum of AZOOR. CNV complicating AZOOR may be effectively treated with intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF, despite progression of the zonal lesions. Further studies are required to define the role of treatment in the progression of the zonal lesions.

What is acute zonal occult outer retinopathy ( AZOOR )?

As originally defined in 1992 by Gass in his Donder’s Lecture [ 1 ], acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) is a rare, condition of unknown etiology, characterized by an acute loss of one or more zones of outer retinal function.

Are there any autoimmune diseases associated with AZOOR?

Systemic autoimmune diseases have been noted in some patients with AZOOR. The most commonly associated immune-mediated diseases include Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, hypothyroidism, multiple sclerosis, Addison’s disease, myasthenia gravis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, CREST syndrome, Sjögren’s disease, and Crohn disease.