What is LDTg?
The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg) borders the locus coeruleus and the DTg through some of its course (Figures 8.42–8.50). It outdistances the DTg caudally and especially rostrally where its ventral part persists until DTg compact part is fully displayed (Figure 8.43).
Where is the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus?
brainstem
The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (or lateroposterior tegmental nucleus) is a nucleus situated in the brainstem, spanning the midbrain tegmentum and the pontine tegmentum. Its location is one-third of the way from the pedunculopontine nucleus to the thalamus, inferior to the pineal gland.
What does the ventral tegmental area do?
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a hub of the mesocorticolimbic circuitry that plays a significant role in reward, motivation, cognition, and aversion. Dopaminergic (DA) neurons, which make up 65% of neurons in the VTA, have been the primary focus of research into this brain region.
Where is the Pedunculopontine nucleus?
upper pons
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is situated in the upper pons in the dorsolateral portion of the ponto-mesencephalic tegmentum. Its main mass is positioned at the trochlear nucleus level, and is part of the mesenphalic locomotor region (MLR) in the upper brainstem.
What is LDT in the brain?
The laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT) which is comprised of glutamate, GABA and acetylcholine-containing neurons is located in the pons and sends projections to a multiplicity of brain sites, including the thalamus, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc).
Does the VTA release dopamine?
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) The VTA contains the dopamine cells projecting to the nucleus accumbens where dopamine locally injected increases motility without stereotypy.
What is the function of Pedunculopontine nucleus?
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is thought to be involved in the initiation and modulation of gait and other stereotyped movements, because electrical stimulation and the application of neuroactive substances in the PPN can elicit locomotor activity in experimental animals.
Is the basal forebrain subcortical?
BFCNs receive various cortical inputs from medial temporal cortex (amygdala), insula, and ventral prefrontal cortex as well as subcortical inputs from septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens–ventral pallidum complex, and hypothalamus (Mesulam and Mufson, 1984).
What kind of AChE is found in ldtg?
LDTg cells are extremely AchE-positive but are usually concealed by the intense AChE neuropil of the nucleus. Choline acetyltransferase mRNA has also been shown in human LDTg ( Kasashima et al., 1998 ).
How are cholinergic neurons involved in LDT and PPT?
Thus, cholinergic neurons in LDT and PPT, by promoting either EEG desynchronization and wakefulness or REM sleep, play a key role in regulating the vigilance state ( Jones, 1991 ). The wide descending hypocretinergic projection includes the mesopontine cholinergic system ( Peyron et al., 1998 ).
What kind of effect does hcrt-1 have on LDT?
Measures of LDT neuronal activity in anesthetized animals show that treatment with Hcrt-1 results in long-lasting, moderate excitation, an effect that may be similar to that seen at LC and DRN neurons ( Takahashi et al., 2002 ).