What is normal amniotic fluid for twins?
The mean amniotic fluid volume per amniotic sac ranged from 155 mL to 5430 mL with a mean ± 1 SD of 877 ± 860 mL. Hence the amniotic fluid volume in twins was similar to or slightly greater than the reported volume in singleton pregnancies.
What are ultrasound finding of multiple pregnancy?
In the first trimester, ultrasound allows to diagnose the number of multiples, chorionicity and amnionicity, the presence or absence of nuchal translucency, early growth discordance, severe malformations and the origin of activities and contacts between multiples.
What is oligohydramnios in ultrasound?
Oligohydramnios refers to amniotic fluid volume that is less than expected for gestational age. It is typically diagnosed by ultrasound examination and may be described qualitatively (eg, reduced amniotic fluid volume) or quantitatively (eg, amniotic fluid index ≤5 cm, single deepest pocket <2 cm).
What is a normal MVP?
A MVP of greater than or equal to 2 cm to less than 8 cm is considered normal.
What is the best time to determine Chorionicity?
The best time to establish chorionicity (and amnionicity) is in the first trimester when US is up to 98% accurate (6–10). Early in the gestation period, even up to 7–9 weeks, determining amnionicity may be challenging because the thin amnion may be below the level of detection, even at transvaginal US (9).
What is monochorionic Diamniotic twin pregnancy?
Monochorionic, diamniotic (MCDA) twins are the product of a single fertilized ovum (egg), resulting in genetically identical offspring. MCDA twins share a single placenta (blood supply) but have separate amniotic sacs. The occurrence of MCDA twins occurs at a rate of three to four in 1,000 live births.
What causes oligohydramnios in pregnancy?
Oligohydramnios can be caused by uteroplacental insufficiency, drugs, fetal abnormalities, or rupture of membranes. It can cause problems in the fetus (eg, growth restriction, limb contractures, death, delayed lung maturation, inability to tolerate labor).
Can a baby survive oligohydramnios?
Babies who develop oligohydramnios after 23 to 24 weeks usually have adequate lung development and an excellent prognosis, depending on when in pregnancy they are delivered.
What to look for in an ultrasound for oligohydramnios?
Following ultrasound diagnosis by amniotic fluid assessment, clinical assessment should be focused on determining the etiology. History: A thorough maternal and family history is necessary to screen for conditions associated with oligohydramnios: medication use, past medical history, and rupture of membranes.
What are the causes of oligohydramnios in pregnancy?
Oligohydramnios is associated with many conditions/complications of pregnancy, and the differential breaks down into the following categories: maternal, fetal, placental, and idiopathic. [4] Maternal causes: Oligohydramnios has correlations with any medical or obstetric condition leading to uteroplacental insufficiency (8% of all gestations).
What does oligohydramnios mean in medical terms?
Oligohydramnios means that, relative to gestational age (meaning how far along the pregnancy is), the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus (baby) is at low levels. Amniotic fluid is the water that surrounds the fetus in the uterus.
What is the definition of polyhydramnios in ultrasound?
POLYHYDRAMNIOS The term polyhydramnios refers to increased amniotic fluid volume relative to gestational age. Table 9.2 lists the common causes of polyhydramnios. Polyhydramnios is defined by a MVP of equal to or greater than 8 cm (Figure 9.6), or an AFI equal to or greater than 24 cm (Figure 9.7).