What cells express S100B?
S100B is expressed in astrocytes, certain neuronal populations, Schwann cells, melanocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes, skeletal myofibers and associated satellite cells, certain dendritic cell and lymphocyte populations and a few other cell types [7].
What does the S100B protein do?
The S100B is a calcium-binding peptide and is used as a parameter of glial activation and/or death in many disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). It plays important roles in normal CNS development and recovery after injury.
What is anti S100B?
S100B is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100B may function in neurite extension, proliferation of melanoma cells, stimulation of Ca2+ fluxes, inhibition of PKC-mediated phosphorylation, astrocytosis and axonal proliferation, and inhibition of microtubule assembly.
Are Astroglia astrocytes?
Astrocytes (from Ancient Greek ἄστρον, ástron, “star” + κύτος, kútos, “cavity”, “cell”), also known collectively as astroglia, are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord.
What does S100 positive mean?
S-100 protein (S-100B) is the most widely used marker for peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Although S-100 protein is positive in all benign Schwann cell tumors, this marker shows relatively low sensitivity for MPNST (at most, around 50%).
What does S100 stand for?
Nomenclature. The “S100” symbol prefix denotes that these proteins are soluble in 100%, i.e. saturated, ammonium sulfate at neutral pH. The symbol has often been hyphenated, but current gene and protein nomenclature, such as HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee nomenclature, does not use hyphens in symbols.
What does S100 stain for?
S-100 expression is seen in cartilaginous tumors, myoepithelial tumors, Schwann cells and neural tumors, Langerhans cell proliferations, benign and malignant melanocytes, clear cell sarcoma, and some carcinomas (particularly of the breast). S-100 staining occurs both in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Are there astrocytes in the PNS?
Neuroglia in the PNS include Schwann cells and satellite cells. Astrocytes support and brace the neurons and anchor them to their nutrient supply lines. They also play an important role in making exchanges between capillaries and neurons.
Are astrocytes interneurons?
Astrocytes are important regulators of excitatory synaptic networks. However, astrocytes regulation of inhibitory synaptic systems remains ill defined. This is particularly relevant since GABAergic interneurons regulate the activity of excitatory cells and shape network function.
What cancers are S100 positive?
They can be found in melanomas, 100% of schwannomas, 100% of neurofibromas (weaker than schwannomas), 50% of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (may be weak and/or focal), paraganglioma stromal cells, histiocytoma, and clear-cell sarcomas.
What stains positive for S100?
Sex cord–stromal tumors, including granulosa cell tumors,421 Sertoli cell tumors,422 and tumors in the fibroma-thecoma group, occasionally show positive staining for S-100.
What is S100 marker?
Background: S100 proteins are low-molecular-weight calcium-binding proteins and appear to play an important role in various cellular processes such as cell division and differentiation. In histopathology, S100 is widely accepted as the marker of choice for immunohistochemical identification of malignant melanoma.
How is S100B secreted in the astrocytes?
S100B is secreted by astrocytes or can spill from injured cells and enter the extracellular space or bloodstream. Serum levels of S100B increase in patients during the acute phase of brain damage. Over the last decade, S100B has emerged as a candidate peripheral biomarker of blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and CNS injury.
When was the S100B protein first detected in MS?
The S100B protein was first detected in the extracellular compartment in the late 1970s, when elevated levels of the protein were detected in the CSF of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in the acute phase, whereas lower levels were found in the stationary phase of the disease (Michetti et al. 1979 ).
Which is the only cell to express S100B?
S100B is glial-specific and is expressed primarily by astrocytes, but not all astrocytes express S100B. It has been shown that S100B is only expressed by a subtype of mature astrocytes that ensheath blood vessels and by NG2-expressing cells.
How does S100B get into the blood stream?
S100B is secreted by astrocytes or can spill from injured cells and enter the extracellular space or bloodstream. Serum levels of S100B increase in patients during the acute phase of brain damage.