What does the mPFC do?
Some have claimed that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) mediates decision making. Others suggest mPFC is selectively involved in the retrieval of remote long-term memory. In particular, mPFC likely relies on the hippocampus to support rapid learning and memory consolidation.
Is the ACC part of the mPFC?
Research in animals and humans has shown that extinction learning is associated with activity in the mPFC,84,85 a region that includes the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial frontal gyrus.
Where does the mPFC project to?
The mPFC heavily projects to other cortical and subcortical brain regions, which enables it to exert control over visceral, automatic, limbic and cognitive functions (Miller and Cohen, 2001; Hoover and Vertes, 2007).
What is the pyramidal system?
The pyramidal system is a two neuron system consisting of upper motor neurons in the Primary Motor Cortex and lower motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. The axons which extend from these upper motor neurons traverse the deep matter and coalesce to form the Internal Capsule.
What is the posterior insula?
The posterior part of the insula is formed by a long gyrus. The posterior insula connects reciprocally with the secondary somatosensory cortex and receives input from spinothalamically activated ventral posterior inferior thalamic nuclei.
How many insula are in the brain?
Of course, like every important brain structure, the insula — there are actually two, one on each side of the brain — does not act alone. It is part of multiple circuits.
What are the four subregions of the mPFC?
Based on cytoarchitectural differences, the rodent mPFC is classified into four distinct neuroanatomical subregions along the dorsal to the ventral axis: medial precentral area, ACC, prelimbic cortex (PL), and infralimbic cortex (IL) ( 48 ).
Where are the layers of the Sun located?
Layers of the Sun. It reaches from the surface visible at the center of the solar disk to about 250 miles (400 km) above that. The temperature in the photosphere varies between about 6500 K at the bottom and 4000 K at the top (11,000 and 6700 degrees F, 6200 and 3700 degrees C). Most of the photosphere is covered by granulation.
What are the parts of the Suns atmosphere?
The atmosphere of the sun is composed of several layers, mainly the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona. It’s in these outer layers that the sun’s energy, which has bubbled up from the sun’s interior layers, is detected as sunlight. The lowest layer of the sun’s atmosphere is the photosphere.
How does the convection zone of the Sun work?
The convection zone is not dense enough to transmit energy. Instead, this layer moves heat to the surface of the sun where it cools and drops back into the convection zone where it reheats.