What is CagA and VacA?
Two of the virulence factors that have been implicated in this process are cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), which are cytotoxins that are injected and secreted by H. pylori, respectively.
What are the signs of H. pylori?
Symptoms
- An ache or burning pain in your abdomen.
- Abdominal pain that’s worse when your stomach is empty.
- Nausea.
- Loss of appetite.
- Frequent burping.
- Bloating.
- Unintentional weight loss.
What is H. pylori CagA?
Bacteria have developed several mechanisms to secrete proteins or to inject toxins into target cells. Helicobacter pylori, a bacterial pathogen associated with gastric pathologies, uses the cag Type IV secretion system (cag-T4SS) to inject the cytotoxin-associated antigen A (CagA) into host cells1.
What are virulence factors of H. pylori?
The virulence factors of H. pylori can be categorized to be related with 3 major pathogenic processes, including colonization, immune escape and disease induction (Table 1). The virulence factors responsible for establishing colonization include urease, flagella, chemotaxis system, and adhesins [2, 3].
What type of exotoxin action does Helicobacter pylori take?
H. pylori produces an exotoxin, vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA), which is an important virulence factor associated with gastritis and ulceration. Indeed, oral administration of VacA to mice caused severe gastric damage.
Is H. pylori a class 1 carcinogen?
The association between H. pylori and gastric cancer has attracted great interest worldwide because the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a subordinate organization of the World Health Organization (WHO), identified H. pylori as a “group 1 (definite carcinogen)” in 1994 (1).
What toxins Does H. pylori produce?
Results: The toxic factors produced by H. pylori can act at different levels. At the epithelial cell level H. pylori enzymes generate toxic molecules: ammonia (urease), lysolecithin (phospholipases) and acetaldehyde (alcohol dehydrogenase).
What phenotypic characteristics of H. pylori are thought for its virulence?
mustelae shares many virulence factors with H. pylori, including a urease enzyme (139), motility (604), and molecular mimicry of host blood group antigens (465).