What form is maitotoxin in?
Three forms of maitotoxin (MTX), MTX-1, MTX-2 and MTX-3 have been identified from Gambierdiscus toxicus. MTX has been proved to be the most potent toxin identified on a weight basis…
Where can I find Maitotoxin?
Pacific Ocean
Isolated from the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus, maitotoxin is distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the Pacific Ocean.
What is the classification of Maitotoxin?
Maitotoxin (T3D2587)
| Record Information | |
|---|---|
| Accession Number | T3D2587 |
| Identification | |
| Common Name | Maitotoxin |
| Class | Small Molecule |
What is Maitotoxin used for?
Maitotoxins increase the calcium ion influx through excitable membranes, causing cell depolarization, hormone and neurotransmitter secretion, and breakdown of phosphoinositides (important in regulating the function of integral cell membrane proteins).
What type of poison is Maitotoxin?
Maitotoxin (MTx) is one of the potent polyether toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus and, besides ciguatoxin, is the most common toxin involved in ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). CFP-causing agents bioaccumulate in the aquatic food chain and may finally be ingested by humans and other animals.
What is the LD50 for Maitotoxin?
50 ng/kg.
The toxicity of maitotoxin in mice is the highest for nonprotein toxins: the LD50 is 50 ng/kg.
Is Maitotoxin lethal?
In smooth muscle and skeletal muscle exposed in vitro, maitotoxins cause calcium ion-dependent contraction. Maitotoxin appears to exert its effects on endogenous membrane calcium channels. Maitotoxin is lethal in mice at a dose of 0.15 μg kg−1 body weight intraperitoneally.
Is Maitotoxin toxic?
Maitotoxin (or MTX) is an extremely potent toxin produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus, a dinoflagellate species. Maitotoxin is so potent that it has been demonstrated that an intraperitoneal injection of 130 ng/kg was lethal in mice.
How do fish get ciguatera?
It is caused by eating fish contaminated with ciguatoxins which are produced by dinoflagellates – small marine organisms living on or near coral reefs – belonging to the species Gambierdiscus toxicus.
What is the most toxic chemical?
1. Botulinum toxin. Scientists differ about the relative toxicities of substances, but they seem to agree that botulinum toxin, produced by anaerobic bacteria, is the most toxic substance known. Its LD50 is tiny – at most 1 nanogram per kilogram can kill a human.
What are Maitotoxin poisoning symptoms?
| Ciguatera fish poisoning | |
|---|---|
| Symptoms | Diarrhea, vomiting, numbness, itchiness, sensitivity to hot and cold, dizziness, weakness |
| Usual onset | 30 min to 2 days |
| Duration | Few weeks to months |
| Causes | Ciguatoxin and maitotoxin within certain reef fish |