What is the coenzyme of xanthine oxidase?
These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. These enzymes play an important role in the catabolism of purines in some species, including humans….Xanthine oxidase.
| xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| HGNC | 12805 |
| OMIM | 607633 |
| PDB | 1FIQ |
What are xanthine oxidase inhibitors used for?
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are primarily used in the clinical prevention and treatment of gout associated with hyperuricemia. The archetypal xanthine oxidase inhibitor, Allopurinol has been shown to have other beneficial effects such as a reduction in vascular reactive oxygen species and mechano-energetic uncoupling.
What is XO activity?
XO is a xanthine oxidoreductase enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species, catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and further catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid [35]. In contrast, another study reported that curcumin had no effect on XO activity [38].
What does XO mean in chemistry?
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an important enzyme catalyzing the hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid which is excreted by kidneys.
Which of the antineoplastic agent is metabolised by xanthine oxidase?
6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) is an anticancer agent that must be metabolized into active compounds.
What are Uricosuric drugs?
Uricosuric medications (drugs) are substances that increase the excretion of uric acid in the urine, thus reducing the concentration of uric acid in blood plasma. In general, this effect is achieved by action on the proximal tubule of the kidney.
What is allopurinol used for?
Allopurinol is a medicine used to lower levels of uric acid in your blood. If you produce too much uric acid or your kidneys do not filter enough out, it can build up and cause tiny, sharp crystals to form in and around your joints. Allopurinol is used to treat gout and kidney stones.
What is the substrate for xanthine oxidase?
8-dihydroxypurine
On the other hand, and contrary to the literature, we find that 6,8-dihydroxypurine is an effective substrate for xanthine oxidase and is readily converted to uric acid. The specific catalytic roles of two active site residues, Glu802 and Arg880, are discussed in the context of the observed orientation of substrate.
Is Aminophylline a xanthine?
Methylxanthines (methylated xanthines), which include caffeine, aminophylline, IBMX, paraxanthine, pentoxifylline, theobromine, and theophylline, affect not only the airways but stimulate heart rate, force of contraction, and cardiac arrhythmias at high concentrations.
How is xanthine oxidase A potential source of ROS?
Xanthine oxidase is another potential source of ROS in vascular disease. The enzyme is generated from xanthine dehydrogenase by proteolysis. Xanthine oxidase readily donates electrons to molecular oxygen, thereby producing O 2 −· and hydrogen peroxide.
When is xanthine oxidase released into the blood?
Clinical significance. Xanthine oxidase is a superoxide-producing enzyme found normally in serum and the lungs, and its activity is increased during influenza A infection. During severe liver damage, xanthine oxidase is released into the blood, so a blood assay for XO is a way to determine if liver damage has happened.
Which is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine?
XO is a xanthine oxidoreductase enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species, catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and further catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. This enzyme has been reported to play a potential role in the progression and development of various cancers.
Which is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase in the eye?
Both xanthine oxidase and xanthine oxidoreductase are also present in corneal epithelium and endothelium and may be involved in oxidative eye injury. Inhibitors of XO include allopurinol, oxypurinol, and phytic acid.