What causes a staghorn calculus?
Staghorn calculi are most frequently composed of mixtures of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium carbonate apatite; they are strongly associated with UTIs caused by organisms that produce the enzyme urease, which promotes the generation of ammonia and hydroxide from urea.
How do you remove staghorn calculi?
Generally, the gold standard treatment for staghorn stones is surgical with a view to achieve stone-free collecting system and preserve renal function. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy should be the recommended first-line treatment for staghorn stones.
How big is a staghorn calculus?
Urinary tract calculi (i.e., “liths” or stones) may vary in size from less than 1 mm to several centimeters (“staghorn” calculi) and are typically seen as round, oval, or polygonal foci of high radiodensity within the renal parenchyma (Fig. 20-8), collecting system, ureter, or bladder.
What are staghorn stones made of?
Most staghorn calculi are infection stones composed of struvite and/or carbonate apatite. Sometimes, cystine, uric acid, whewellite and brushite stones also assume a staghorn configuration when located in the kidney. It is very important in stone crushing to know the composition and architecture of the stones.
Are staghorn calculi painful?
Struvite and staghorn kidney stone symptoms are similar to those of regular kidney stones. A few symptoms of these kidney stones are: Painful urination. Severe pain on the side of your abdominal region and your back.
Do staghorn calculi cause pain?
What are struvite and staghorn calculi?
Epidemiology. Staghorn calculi are the result of recurrent infection and are thus more commonly encountered in women 6,those with renal tract anomalies,reflux,spinal cord injuries,neurogenic bladder or
What causes staghorn kidney stones?
The cause of this type of kidney stone is an underlying infection. Often, a patient will have a urinary tract infection and then staghorn calculi will form in response to the bacteria.
What is a staghorn calculi?
Staghorn Calculus Definition. Staghorn calculi, also sometimes called coral calculi, are renal calculi that obtain their characteristic shape by forming a cast of the renal pelvis and calyces, thus resembling the horns of a stag.