How does bisphenol A BPA act as an endocrine disruptor?
Generally, BPA acts on hormonal level by distorting hormonal balance and inducing estrogenic effects through binding with estrogen-related receptors (ERR) [20]. The resultant effects are numerous of which hormonal related abnormalities have been mostly reported.
How does BPA affect epigenetics?
Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure has been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders and to effects on epigenetic regulation, such as DNA methylation, at genes involved in brain function. High doses of BPA have been shown to change expression and regulation of one such gene, Grin2b, in mice.
Why is bisphenol A considered to be an endocrine disruptor?
Bisphenol A (BPA) can interact with nuclear receptors and affect the normal function of nuclear receptors in very low doses, which causes BPA to be one of the most controversial endocrine disruptors.
How is bisphenol A synthesized?
Introduction. Bisphenol A (BPA), an important starting material for production of epoxy resins and polycarbonates, is manufactured by acid catalyzed condensation of acetone and phenol.
How does bisphenol affect the endocrine system?
BPA is an endocrine disruptor . The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) notes that BPA can imitate the body’s hormones and interfere with the production of, response to, or action of natural hormones. For example, it can behave in a similar way to estrogen and other hormones in the human body.
How does bisphenol A BPA act as an endocrine disruptor quizlet?
hormones occurs in situations where one or more hormones produce the same effect at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified. Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that can leach out of certain plastics. It disrupts the normal function of the endocrine system my mimicking estrogen.
How does BPA affect gene expression?
For a gene, brain derived neural factor (BDNF), involved in learning and memory, BPA exposure led to increased methylation of its promoter, which could affect the expression of this key gene. Hippocampal expression of several genes was associated with prior performance in a test designed to measure learning and memory.
How were the negative effects of BPA exposure counteracted?
Consequently, BPA exposure leads to adult diseases in agouti mice by altering the epigenome during the earliest stages of development—a condition that can be counteracted by maternal nutrient supplementation with methyl-donating substances (folic acid, etc.) or genistein.
What was bisphenol A originally used for?
BPA was first synthesized by chemists in 1891. In the late 1930’s, scientists discovered that BPA acted as an artificial estrogen. The estrogen impostor would have been used as a pharmaceutical hormone, but a more potent synthetic estrogen called DES was invented, precluding the use of BPA.
What is bisphenol used for?
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used to make polycarbonate plastic. Polycarbonate plastic is used to make hard plastic items, such as baby bottles, re-useable water bottles, food containers, pitchers, tableware and other storage containers.
How does bisphenol A affect human development?
Environmental exposure to BPA has the potential to affect the developing brain during gestation, according to research. The impact includes changes in structural development, interference with estrogen regulation, and DNA modifications.
What is BPA and what effects have been associated with it?
What is BPA and what effects have been associated with it? BPA mimics estrogen and binds to estrogen receptors. This chemical, added to baby bottles and toys, utensils, and food containers, has been linked to reproductive abnormalities and abnormal cell division.
How is bisphenol A harmful to the environment?
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic xenoestrogen widespread in the environment. Man is exposed to BPA mainly by food and to a lower extent by drinking water and dust. BPA exhibits toxic, endocrine, mutagenic and carcinogenic effect in living organisms. BPA is supposed to elevate risk of obesity, diabetes and heart disease in humans.
What are the effects of BPA and bisphenol S?
Bisphenol S (BPS), an alternative to BPA, is increas … Epidemiological and animal studies indicate that increased exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) induces various human cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, dilated cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, and hypertension.
What are the chemical properties of bisphenol A?
Physico-chemical properties Bisphenol A (BPA) (4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol; 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane) is a chemical compound with molecular weight of 228.29 g/cm 3. BPA is white, crystalline solid substance with melting-point of 156 °C and boiling-point of 220 °C (at pressure of 5 hPa).
How is bisphenol’s related to cardiovascular disorders?
Bisphenol S (BPS), an alternative to BPA, is increasingly present in various consumer products and human bodies worldwide. Recently, emerging evidence has shown that BPS might be related to cardiovascular disorders.