What is the difference between ultrafiltration and nanofiltration?
Ultrafiltration removes bacteria, protozoa and some viruses from the water. Nanofiltration removes these microbes, as well as most natural organic matter and some natural minerals, especially divalent ions which cause hard water. Nanofiltration, however, does not remove dissolved compounds.
What is the process of ultrafiltration in the kidney?
Ultrafiltration is the removal of fluid from a patient and is one of the functions of the kidneys that dialysis treatment replaces. Ultrafiltration occurs when fluid passes across a semipermeable membrane (a membrane that allows some substances to pass through but not others) due to a driving pressure.
What is UFR in dialysis?
UFR is the ratio of fluid removed to dialysis treatment time. By increasing dialysis treatment time, HD patients become more tolerant of ultrafiltration, increase removal of uremic toxins, have less frequent intradialytic hypotensive episodes, and gain better control of blood pressure.
What is nanofiltration membrane?
Nanofiltration is a membrane filtration-based method that uses nanometer sized through-pores that pass through the membrane. Nanofiltration membranes have pore sizes from 1-10 nanometers, smaller than that used in microfiltration and ultrafiltration, but just larger than that in reverse osmosis.
What is the difference between reverse osmosis and nanofiltration?
Reverse osmosis is a process of filtration through applying pressure on water to pass through a membrane and remove particles and dissolved solids. Typically, nanofiltration systems can reject particles as small as 0.001 μm whereas reverse osmosis systems can reject particles of size up to 0.0001 μm.
Where does ultrafiltration happen in the kidney?
In renal physiology, ultrafiltration occurs at the barrier between the blood and the filtrate in the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) in the kidneys.
What is the difference between hemofiltration and dialysis?
Diffusive therapy (hemodialysis) removes small solutes mainly, whereas convective therapies (hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration) may also eliminate larger molecules such as myoglobin or cytokines.
Is vancomycin removed by ultrafiltration?
The peak therapeutic serum vancomycin levels are in the order of 10-15 ng/mL. One can remove fairly large amounts of vancomycin with long high-flux dialysis treatments along with substantial ultrafiltration.
What are nanofiltration membranes made of?
Membranes used are predominantly created from polymer thin films. Materials that are commonly used include polyethylene terephthalate or metals such as aluminum. Pore dimensions are controlled by pH, temperature and time during development with pore densities ranging from 1 to 106 pores per cm2.