How does cisplatin damage the kidneys?
Cisplatin causes renal injury through a sequence of events that include tubular cell death and tissue damage by inflammatory cytokine TNF-α secretion, and a vicious cycle of oxidative stress, NF-κB activation, and inflammatory responses.
What causes nephrotoxicity?
Nephrotoxicity defined as a renal disease or dysfunction, is often caused by drugs, chemicals, industrial, or environmental toxic agents.
Does cisplatin cause acute kidney injury?
However, nephrotoxicity is the major side effect of cisplatin administration. Clinically, the risk of nephrotoxicity in patients taking cisplatin is between 20% and 35% and leads to death in acute kidney injury (AKI) patients [2, 3]. In addition, pediatric patients also develop nephrotoxicity when using cisplatin [4].
How does cisplatin cause ototoxicity?
Ototoxic drugs, such as cisplatin have been shown to increase the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Clerici and Yang, 1996; Kopke et al., 1997) by either stimulating enzyme systems linked to this process or by inactivating antioxidant systems (Church et al., 1995; Rybak et al., 1995).
How do you prevent cisplatin nephrotoxicity?
The standard approach for prevention of CIN is the administration of lower doses of cisplatin in combination with full intravenous hydration prior and after cisplatin administration. Cisplatin-induced oxidative stress in the kidney may be prevented by natural antioxidant compounds.
What are the signs and symptoms of nephrotoxicity?
If severe enough, nephrotoxicity can show signs of other types of decreased kidney function, such as decreased urination, swelling from fluid retention and high blood pressure. In some patients, nephrotoxicity can also affect other body systems such as the liver or the skin and show signs in those areas as well.
What are nephrotoxic medications?
The nephrotoxic effects of cyclosporine, aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, amphotericin B, beta-lactam antibiotics and indomethacin are reviewed. These drugs were chosen because they are among the most frequent causes of renal injury in children. In addition, their nephrotoxicity is caused by different mechanisms.
Which chemo drugs are nephrotoxic?
The most nephrotoxic chemotherapeutic drug is cisplatin, which is often associated with acute kidney injury. Many other drugs such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, vascular endothelial growth factor pathway inhibitors and epidermal growth factor receptor pathway inhibitors may have toxic effects on the kidneys.
How does cisplatin affect urine?
Cisplatin may cause serious kidney problems. Tell you doctor right away if you have blood in urine, change in frequency of urination or amount of urine, difficulty in breathing, drowsiness, increased thirst, loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting, swelling of the feet or lower legs, or weakness.
How does cisplatin affect urine composition?
The comparison of urine electrolyte levels in pre and post cisplatin treatment have indicated a significant decrease in urine sodium (-24.29 %) and potassium (-18.7 %) when compared to cisplatin pretreatment levels (Table 1).
Can cisplatin make you deaf?
But cisplatin and other similar platinum-containing drugs can damage the cochlea, leaving 40%–80% of adults, and at least 50% of children, with significant permanent hearing loss, a condition that can greatly affect quality of life.