How does TSST-1 affect the body?
Characteristics. Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), a prototype superantigen secreted by a Staphylococcus aureus bacterium strain in susceptible hosts, acts on the vascular system by causing inflammation, fever, and shock.
What type of toxin is TSST-1?
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is a superantigen (SAg) produced by Staphylococcus aureus thought to be responsible for essentially all cases of menstrual-associated toxic shock syndrome (TSS). As a potent exotoxin, it is not surprising that S.
What is the pathophysiology of toxic shock syndrome?
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is caused from intoxication by one of several related Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins. The most commonly implicated toxins include TSS toxin type-1 (TSST-1) and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Almost all cases of menstrual TSS and half of all the nonmenstrual cases are caused by TSST-1.
Is TSST-1 an enterotoxin?
TSST-1 and the staphylococcal enterotoxins are also known as pyrogenic toxin superantigens (PTSAgs). Two former names for TSST-1 were staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C and staphylococcal enterotoxin F. This review addresses the structure and biological functions of the exotoxins and hemolysins secreted by S. aureus.
What is the function of Staphylokinase?
It is similar to streptokinase. Staphylokinase is positively regulated by the “agr” gene regulator. It activates plasminogen to form plasmin, which digests fibrin clots. This disrupts the fibrin meshwork which forms to keep infections localized.
What are the effects of the α hemolysin produced by Staphylococcus aureus?
Alpha-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus can cause severe diseases, such as pneumonia. Aerolysin from Aeromonas sobria infects the intestinal tract, but it might also cause sepsis and meningitis.
What is the causative agent of toxic shock syndrome?
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is caused by either staphylococcus or streptococcus bacteria. These bacteria normally live on the skin and in the nose or mouth without causing harm, but if they get deeper into the body they can release toxins that damage tissue and stop organs working.
Is TSST an exotoxin?
Staphylococcal and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome toxins (TSST-1, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins, streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z260) are superantigens that can activate large numbers of circulating T cells to release cytokines.
Are Hemolysins Exotoxins?
Hemolysin (HL) is exotoxin from bacteria which causes lysis of red blood cells. α-hemolysin from the bacterium Clostridium are called alpha-toxin.
What is the role of Staphylokinase in S. aureus pathogenesis?
Staphylokinase (Sak), a protein secreted by many S. aureus strains [6], activates human plasminogen (h-plg) into plasmin [7]. Plasmin in turn digests fibrin clots and many components of extracellular matrix and basal membranes [8] and activates latent matrix metalloproteinases, leading to extensive proteolysis [8].
How does Staphylokinase enzyme work?
Staphylokinase is positively regulated by the “agr” gene regulator. It activates plasminogen to form plasmin, which digests fibrin clots. This disrupts the fibrin meshwork which forms to keep infections localized.
How does toxic shock syndrome ( TSS ) work?
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is primarily the result of a superantigen-mediated cytokine storm and M protein-mediated neutrophil activation, resulting in the release of mediators leading to respiratory failure, vascular leakage, and shock. James G.H. Dinulos, Nicole C. Pace, in Neonatal Dermatology (Second Edition), 2008
What are the major virulence factors of staph TSS?
TSST-1 and staphylococcal enterotoxins are the major virulence factors associated with cases of Staph TSS.
What kind of infection is associated with STSs?
STSS is associated with an invasive infection. Most patients are bacteremic and/or have focal tissue infection at the time of presentation.
Which is the most common symptom of streptococcal TSS?
Pain the most common initial symptom of streptococcal TSS is abrupt in onset and severe, and usually precedes tenderness or physical findings. The pain usually involves an extremity but may also mimic peritonitis,pelvic inflammatory disease, pneumonia, acute myocardial infarction, or pericarditis.