What is the difference between TGF alpha and beta?
In general TGF-alpha promotes cell proliferation while TGF-beta may stimulate or inhibit proliferation depending on the cell type and growth factor environment.
What does TGF alpha do?
Description: Tumor growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family. TGF-α function is mediated through binding the EGF receptor (EGFR) to activate receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. TGF-α functions as a mitogen to activate epithelial cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation.
What cells produce TGF alpha?
- Synthesis. TGF-α is synthesized internally as part of a 160 (human) or 159 (rat) amino acid transmembrane precursor.
- Function. TGF-α can be produced in macrophages, brain cells, and keratinocytes.
- Receptor.
- Animal studies.
- Human studies.
- Interactions.
- See also.
- References.
What is meant by TGF?
Transforming growth factor: (TGF) One of several proteins secreted by transformed cells that can stimulate the growth of normal cells.
What does a high TGF b1 mean?
What does it mean if your TGF-b1 result is too high? – TGF B-1 is often chronically over-expressed in disease states, including cancer, fibrosis and inflammation. – TGF B-1 is moderately to extremely high in Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome due to water-damaged buildings (CIRS).
Is TGF beta a transcription factor?
Recent studies of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling have identified a signaling pathway that includes Ser/Thr kinase transmembrane receptors, intracellular substrates and transducers of receptor activation known as Smads, and DNA-binding transcription factors that are regulated by interaction with …
What stimulates TGF?
Inflammatory stimuli that activate macrophages enhance the release of active TGF-β by promoting the activation of plasmin. Macrophages can also endocytose IgG-bound latent TGF-β complexes that are secreted by plasma cells and then release active TGF-β into the extracellular fluid.
Is TGF beta anti-inflammatory?
Macrophages are also an important producer of TGF-β, which is activated by the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Usually, uptake of apoptotic cells elicits anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, induction of TGF-β is a mechanism involving the anti-inflammatory effect of apoptotic cells (43).
What produces TGF b1?
TGF-beta is produced by many but not all parenchymal cell types, and is also produced or released by infiltrating cells such as lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and platelets. Following wounding or inflammation, all these cells are potential sources of TGF-beta.
Which is transforming growth factor alpha ( TGFA ) gene?
Transforming growth factor alpha ( TGF-α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFA gene. As a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, TGF-α is a mitogenic polypeptide. The protein becomes activated when binding to receptors capable of protein kinase activity for cellular signaling. TGF-α is…
Which is the smallest form of TGF alpha?
The precursor is composed of an extracellular domain containing a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, 50 amino acids of TGF-α, and a 35-residue-long cytoplasmic domain. In its smallest form, TGF-α has six cysteines linked together via three disulfide bridges.
How is TGF alpha produced in solid tumors?
It is produced by several solid tumors associated with the hypercalcemia of malignancy and can stimulate osteoclastic bone resorption in murine organ cultures (Ibbotson et al.,1985). The effects of TGF-α are mediated through the EGF receptor and are independent of prostaglandin synthesis (Yates et al.,1992).
What are the effects of TGF alpha on bone?
The effects of TGF-α are mediated through the EGF receptor and are independent of prostaglandin synthesis (Yates et al.,1992). TGF-α induces osteoclastic bone resorption and hypercalcemia in nude mice and increases osteoclast-like cell formation in human marrow cultures (Yates et al.,1992; Takahashi et al.,1986a).