What is the product of nitration of benzene?
Nitration and sulfonation of benzene are two examples of electrophilic aromatic substitution. The nitronium ion (NO2+) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) are the electrophiles and individually react with benzene to give nitrobenzene and benzenesulfonic acid respectively.
What happens when benzene reacts with bromine?
Benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a catalyst, replacing one of the hydrogen atoms on the ring by a chlorine or bromine atom. The reactions happen at room temperature. It reacts with some of the chlorine or bromine to form iron(III) chloride, FeCl3, or iron(III) bromide, FeBr3.
What is nitration reaction of benzene?
The nitration of benzene Nitration happens when one (or more) of the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring is replaced by a nitro group, NO2. Benzene is treated with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid at a temperature not exceeding 50°C.
What will happen when benzene is treated with conc HNO 3 and conc h2so4 at 323 333k?
Benzene reacts with concentrated nitric acid at 323-333k in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to form nitrobenzene. This reaction is known as nitration of benzene.
Which electrophile is formed during nitration of benzene?
nitronium ion
The formation of the electrophile The electrophile is the “nitronium ion” or the “nitryl cation”, NO+2. This is formed by reaction between the nitric acid and the sulphuric acid.
Can you hydrogenate benzene?
Hydrogenation is an addition reaction in which hydrogen atoms are added all the way around the benzene ring. The reactions are done using the same finely divided nickel catalyst that is used in hydrogenating alkenes and at similar temperatures (around 150°C), but the pressures used tend to be higher.
What happens when benzene is treated with nitrating mixture?
Benzene is treated with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid at a temperature not exceeding 50°C. The mixture is held at this temperature for about half an hour. Yellow oily nitrobenzene is formed. Some of the nitrobenzene formed reacts with the nitrating mixture of concentrated acids.
What happens when benzene is mixed with methylbenzene?
With benzene: . . . and methylbenzene: These reactions destroy the electron delocalisation in the original benzene ring, because those electrons are being used to form bonds with the new hydrogen atoms.
Why is benzene more stable in a delocalised reaction?
The reluctance of benzene to undergo addition reactions. With the delocalised electrons in place, benzene is about 150 kJ mol -1 more stable than it would otherwise be. If you added other atoms to a benzene ring you would have to use some of the delocalised electrons to join the new atoms to the ring.
When does the halogenation of benzene take place?
The halogenation of benzene Substitution reactions Benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a catalyst, replacing one of the hydrogen atoms on the ring by a chlorine or bromine atom. The reactions happen at room temperature.
What makes benzene different from other carbons and hydrogens?
The difference in benzene is that each carbon atom is joined to two other similar carbon atoms instead of just one. Each carbon atom uses the sp 2 hybrids to form sigma bonds with two other carbons and one hydrogen atom.