What do you know about the distribution of polyamines in plants?
PAs Distribution Polyamines are ubiquitous in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (Liu et al., 2016, 2017), and are found even in plant RNA viruses and plant tumors. They have potent biological activities. There are numerous forms of PAs. In higher plants, PAs are predominantly present in their free form.
What is the role of polyamines?
The polyamines synthesized by mammals are the triamine spermidine, the tetramine spermine, and their precursor putrescine (Fig. 1). Putrescine is formed by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC),2 and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) produces dcAdoMet (Fig. 1).
What are polyamines?
Polyamines are polycations that interact with negatively charged molecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins. They play multiple roles in cell growth, survival and proliferation. Changes in polyamine levels have been associated with aging and diseases.
Do polyamines have roles in plant development?
Polyamines are found in all organisms, in a wide variety of capacities. The bound polyamines are conjugated to various phenolic secondary metabolites; these conjugates may have at least as significant a function in plant development as do the free polyamines.
Are polyamines secondary metabolites?
Polyamine in secondary metabolite production. In addition to the effect of PAs on germination, growth, and development of medicinal plants, these biostimulants affect plants’ secondary metabolite production. Polyamines affect the production of secondary metabolites in two ways.
Are polyamines hormones?
Evans and Malmberg (1989) have reviewed role of polyamines in plant development and have concluded that “polyamines are not plant hormones although they might be considered as plant growth regulators or merely one of several kinds of metabolites needed for certain developmental processes.”
What are polyamines examples?
Natural polyamines The principal examples are the triamine and tetraamine spermidine and spermine. They are structurally and biosynthetically related to the diamines putrescine and cadaverine. Polyamine metabolism is regulated by the activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC).
How are polyamines formed?
Polyamines are synthesized from two amino acids: L-methionine and L-ornithine (an amino acid that is not found in proteins, that is produced as part of the urea cycle). In mammalian cells, putrescine is formed by decarboxylation of ornithine, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC).
How polyamines are formed?
Which is the most abundant polyamine in plants?
Polyamine structure and distribution. Polyamines show tissue- and organ-specific distribution patterns in plants. For example, the most abundant PA in leaves was found to be Put, and its levels were three times higher than those of Spd and Spm, whereas Spd was found to be the most abundant PA in other organs (Takahashi et al., 2017b).
How are polyamines used in the tissue culture field?
Polyamines have a versatile application in this field ranging from establishing a callus to the elicitation of secondary metabolites. Thus, polyamines can be considered as a boon to the plant tissue culture field.
How are spermine and spermidine used in DNA packaging?
Spermine and spermidine have been used in DNA packaging. (ii) Bound polyamines. In bound forms, the polyamines are conjugated with some phenolic compounds such as hydroxycinnamic acid, coumaric acid or caffeic acid. Bound polyamines constitute significant fraction of total polyamines and may also be functionally as important as free polyamines. i.
Which is the first amine in polyamine biosynthesis?
Polyamine biosynthesis is associated with regulation of a number of metabolic functions including growth of cells in most of the living organisms. In mammals, ornithine is the precursor of aliphatic polyamines. Putrescine, formed by decarboxylation of the former by ornithine decarboxylase, is the first amine formed in polyamine biosynthesis.