What is the mechanism of organophosphate poisoning?
The primary mechanism of action of organophosphate pesticides is inhibition of carboxyl ester hydrolases, particularly acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE is an enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) into choline and acetic acid.
What is Ageing in OPC poisoning?
The extent of potential reactivation of organophosphate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase decreases with time, a phenomenon called ageing. Ageing is due to dealkylation of the alkoxyl group of the residue bound to the enzyme. Ageing occurs much faster in electrically stimulated preparations than in resting preparations.
How does organophosphate poisoning cause death?
When death occurs, the most common reason is respiratory failure stemming from bronchoconstriction, bronchorrhea, central respiratory depression or weakness/paralysis of the respiratory muscles. If the patient survives the acute poisoning, there are other long-term complications.
How do organophosphates affect the body?
Long-term exposure to organophosphates can cause confusion, anxiety, loss of memory, loss of appetite, disorientation, depression, and personality changes. Other symptoms such as weakness, headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting also may occur.
Why atropine is used in organophosphate poisoning?
Atropine competitively blocks the effects of acetylcholine, including excess acetylcholine due to organophosphorus poisoning, at muscarinic cholinergic receptors on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, secretory gland cells, and in peripheral autonomic ganglia and the central nervous system.
How does organophosphate inhibit acetylcholinesterase?
Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate esters can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by binding covalently to a serine residue in the enzyme active site, and their inhibitory potency depends largely on affinity for the enzyme and the reactivity of the ester.
Is carbamate and organophosphate?
Carbamates are a class of insecticides structurally and mechanistically similar to organophosphate (OP) insecticides. Carbamates are N-methyl carbamates derived from a carbamic acid and cause carbamylation of acetylcholinesterase at neuronal synapses and neuromuscular junctions.
How do you manage OP poisoning?
The mainstays of medical therapy in organophosphate (OP) poisoning include atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM), and benzodiazepines (eg, diazepam). Initial management must focus on adequate use of atropine. Optimizing oxygenation prior to the use of atropine is recommended to minimize the potential for dysrhythmias.
Which medication is commonly given to patients with organophosphate toxicity?
The mainstays of medical therapy in organophosphate (OP) poisoning include atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM), and benzodiazepines (eg, diazepam). Initial management must focus on adequate use of atropine.
What is the mechanism and mode of action of organophosphate poisoning?
Mechanism and mode of action of organophosphate poisoning: It acts on the myoneural junction and the synapses of ganglia and interferes with the activity of enzyme cholinesterase and inhibits its action on acetylcholine.
How many articles are there on OP poisoning?
Results: Of the 5026 articles on OP poisoning, 2584 articles pertained to human poisoning; 452 articles focusing on clinical manifestations in human OP poisoning were retrieved for detailed evaluation.
What are the symptoms of muscarinic organophosphate poisoning?
Muscarinic action of organophosphate poisoning: 1 Nausea. 2 Vomiting. 3 Pain in abdomen. 4 Anorexia. 5 Excessive salivation. 6 (more items)
What should you do if you have organophosphate poisoning?
Signs and Symptoms. Termination of the exposure including removing all soiled clothing. Gently cleanse with soap and water to hydrolyze organophosphate solutions. Airway control and adequate oxygenation. Intubation may be necessary in cases of respiratory distress due to laryngospasm, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea, or seizures.