What cancers have BRAF mutations?
BRAF mutation is seen in melanoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma (including papillary thyroid carcinoma arising from ovarian teratoma), ovarian serous tumours, colorectal carcinoma, gliomas, hepatobiliary carcinomas and hairy cell leukaemia.
What are BRAF fusions?
In conclusion, BRAF fusions are rare driver alterations in a wide variety of malignant neoplasms, but enriched in Spitzoid melanoma, pilocytic astrocytomas, pancreatic acinar and papillary thyroid cancers. BRAF encodes a RAF kinase, which signal downstream of RAS.
Is Pilomyxoid an astrocytoma cancer?
Pilocytic/pilomyxoid astrocytomas are pediatric low-grade gliomas. Astrocytes are a type of “glial” cell that provide support for the neurons in the brain. Tumors resembling astrocytes, called astrocytomas, make up the largest group of brain cancers.
Can grade 3 astrocytoma be cured?
Anaplastic astrocytomas are usually not curable, but are treatable. We do our best to control the tumor and keep it from growing and causing more symptoms using many different tools including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Unfortunately these tumors tend to continue to grow and become more aggressive.
What percentage of melanoma patients are BRAF positive?
The percentage of patients who respond to combined BRAF/MEK inhibition is about 70% or higher, and durable complete responses were observed in about 19% patients with stage IV or unresectable stage III melanoma in three large clinical trials that tested these combinations.
Where are BRAF V600E mutations most likely to occur?
In pilocytic astrocytomas BRAF (V600E) mutation was strongly associated with extra-cerebellar location (p = 0.009) and was most frequent in diencephalic tumors (4/12; 33%). Glioblastomas and other gliomas were characterized by a low frequency or absence of mutations.
Where does BRAF fusion occur in pilocytic astrocytomas?
BRAF activation in pilocytic astrocytoma occurs most commonly through a BRAF – KIAA1549 gene fusion, producing a fusion protein that lacks the BRAF regulatory domain. [ 18 – 22] This fusion is seen in most infratentorial and midline pilocytic astrocytomas, but is present at lower frequency in supratentorial (hemispheric) tumors. [ 18, 19, 23 – 28]
How to treat recurrent childhood high grade astrocytomas?
Treatment options for recurrent childhood high-grade astrocytomas include the following: 1 Surgery. 2 High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant (SCT). 3 Targeted therapy with a BRAF inhibitor, for patients with a BRAF V600E mutation. 4 Early-phase clinical trial.
What kind of astrocytomas do children with NF1 have?
Children with NF1 have an increased propensity to develop WHO grade I and grade II astrocytomas in the visual (optic) pathway; as many as 20% of all patients with NF1 will develop an optic pathway glioma.
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