What is the TLR7 gene?
Toll-like receptor 7, also known as TLR7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR7 gene. Orthologs are found in mammals and birds. It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family and detects single stranded RNA.
Is LPS a ligand?
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) primarily recognizes and is activated by a core component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Is TLR9 a homodimer?
(c) TLR9 is a homodimer in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Stimulatory CpG DNA induces translocation of the TLR9 homodimer to endosomes. Binding of CpG DNA promotes conformational changes of TLR9 to bring the cytoplasmic TIR domains closer together and leads to the recruitment of adaptor molecules, including MyD88.
How do I identify my LPS?
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition molecules that activate the immune system as part of the innate immune response. Recent studies have shown that cell surface TLR4-MD-2 physically interacts with LPS and triggers the release of an LPS signal, revealing a host-pathogen interaction mediated by TLR.
Why are TLR7 and TLR8 important to the endosome?
Alternatively, TLR7 and the closely related TLR8 respond to purine-rich single-stranded ribonucleic acid (ssRNA) to elicit an immune response to pathogens which are recognized in the endosome ( 15 – 17 ). Thus, localization of these TLRs to the endosome is a requirement for detection of viral and bacterial nucleic acids that are endocytosed.
Where is TLR9 located in the dendritic cell?
Microbial DNA sequences containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides activate Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). We have found that TLR9 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Because there is no precedent for immune receptor signaling in the ER, we investigated how TLR9 is activated.
What is the function of TLR9 in immune cells?
TLR9 is a receptor for bacterial unmethylated CpG-containing DNA and for host-derived denatured DNA from apoptotic cells [11,236,237,189]. TLR9 was first identified as a DNA sensing receptor expressed in professional innate immune cells such as DCs and macrophages.
Where is TLR9 located in the endoplasmic reticulum?
We have found that TLR9 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Because there is no precedent for immune receptor signaling in the ER, we investigated how TLR9 is activated. We show that CpG DNA binds directly to TLR9 in ligand-binding studies.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNOnQdgWGR8