What is HLA E?
Function. HLA-E has a very specialized role in cell recognition by natural killer cells (NK cells). This interaction has been shown to trigger expansion of NK cell subsets in antiviral responses, where adaptive NK cells that express CD94/NKG2C can specifically recognise HCMV-derived peptide antigens.
What is CD14 and CD16?
CD16 expression distinguishes a subset of monocytes with highly pro-inflammatory properties from non-CD16 expressing “classical” monocytes. CD14 expression further subdivides the CD16+ monocytes into non-classical CD14low and intermediate CD14high subsets.
What cell expresses CD16?
CD16 is involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and is expressed on large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) of both NK- and T-cell types. Approximately 15–20% of the peripheral blood lymphocytes and a much smaller fraction (5%) of bone marrow lymphocytes express dim CD16.
What causes low CD57?
If the count is low, the cause of the symptoms may be from Borrelia burgdorferi. If the count is normal, the cause may still be from Lyme disease, but it could also be due to some other agent. The CD57 is expressed on both natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes.
What cytokines activate NK cells?
IL-12 is the prototypical innate cytokine capable of activating NK cells, and it acts synergistically with several other cytokines to elicit the production of IFN-γ.
Is natural killer cell a lymphocyte?
Natural killer (NK) cells are effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system that control several types of tumors and microbial infections by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage.
What does HLA-G do?
At the maternal-fetal interface, HLA-G has been found to inhibit the cytotoxicity of T cells and NK cells and increase the proportion of Treg cells. It may also perform similar functions in tumor microenvironment.
What does HLA-E present?
On the surface of healthy cells HLA-E is described to present a limited set of highly conserved hydrophobic peptides derived from classical HLA class I leader peptide sequences [28], and these complexes are ligands for the NKG2/CD94 receptor family of human NK cells [18, 20].
How does the natural killer cell CD94 work?
After interaction with its ligand HLA-E, which is expressed on normal cells, the C-type lectin inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A suppresse … To avoid destruction of normal bystander cells, natural killer (NK) cells must provide a continuous supply of functional inhibitory receptors to their cell surface.
Which is better CD94 high or low CD56 dim NK cells?
CD94 high CD56 dim NK cells produce less monokine-induced IFN-γ than CD56 bright NK cells but much more than CD94 low CD56 dim NK cells because of differential interleukin-12–mediated STAT4 phosphorylation.
Where do CD94 receptors accumulate in the cell?
CD94/NKG2A receptors move freely within the plasma membrane and accumulate at the site of contact with the ligand bearing target cells (or monoclonal antibodies (mAb) coated beads).
How does the C-type lectin inhibitory receptor CD94 work?
After interaction with its ligand HLA-E, which is expressed on normal cells, the C-type lectin inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A suppresses activation signaling processes. CD94/NKG2A receptors continuously recycle from the cell surface through endosomal compartments and back again in a process that requires energy and the cytoskeleton.