What is Axoplasmic flow stasis?
It is primarily due to a rise of CSFP in the optic nerve sheath, which produces axoplasmic flow stasis in the optic nerve fibers in the surface nerve fiber layer and prelaminar region of the optic nerve head. Axoplasmic flow stasis then results in swelling of the nerve fibers, and consequently of the optic disc.
What causes swelling around the optic nerve?
Papilledema is swelling of your optic nerve, which connects the eye and brain. This swelling is a reaction to a buildup of pressure in or around your brain that may have many causes. Often, it’s a warning sign of a serious medical condition that needs attention, such as a brain tumor or hemorrhage.
How would you describe Papilloedema?
Papilledema, also known as papilloedema, is optic disc swelling that is secondary to elevated intracranial pressure. In contrast to other causes of optic disc swelling, vision usually is well preserved with acute papilledema.
What is papilledema edema?
Papilledema is a condition in which increased pressure in or around the brain causes the part of the optic nerve inside the eye to swell. Symptoms may be fleeting disturbances in vision, headache, vomiting, or a combination.
What is the function of Axoplasmic transport?
Axonal transport, also called axoplasmic transport or axoplasmic flow, is a cellular process responsible for movement of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins, and other organelles to and from a neuron’s cell body, through the cytoplasm of its axon called the axoplasm.
Why is Axoplasmic transport important?
Many different cargoes are transported up and down axons of nerve cells in a process called axonal transport. This delivery system is important to the development, function, and survival of all nerve cells, and it often goes wrong in diseases that affect the nervous system.
What causes bilateral papilledema?
Possible conditions causing high intracranial pressure and papilledema include intracerebral mass lesions, cerebral hemorrhage, head trauma, meningitis, hydrocephalus, spinal cord lesions, impairment of cerebral sinus drainage, anomalies of the cranium, and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).
Is optic neuritis the same as papilledema?
In contrast to true papilledema, with AION or optic neuritis, there is a startling loss of visual acuity, but clear-cut field defects. The presence of exudates, cotton wool spots, or hemorrhages is rare in most conditions associated with optic disc swelling other than papilledema and the non-arteritic form of AION.
What are the stages of papilledema?
Papilledema can be graded using the Frisén scale but remains subjective, as follows: Stage 0 is a normal optic disc. Stage 1 papilledema is a C-shaped halo of disc edema with preservation of the temporal disc. Stage 2 papilledema is a circumferential halo of edema on the optic disc.
How does papilledema look?
Symptoms and Signs of Papilledema Ophthalmoscopic examination reveals engorged and tortuous retinal veins, a hyperemic and swollen optic disk (optic nerve head), and retinal hemorrhages around the disk but not into the retinal periphery.
Can papilledema go away on its own?
Outlook. Papilledema isn’t usually an issue on its own. It can typically be treated by draining extra CSF fluid, which reduces swelling. Symptoms then disappear in a few weeks.
Why is axoplasmic transport important?
What causes the optic disc to swell in papilledema?
The disc swelling in papilledema is the result of axoplasmic flow stasis with intra-axonal edema in the area of the optic disc. [ 3] The subarachnoid space of the brain is continuous with the optic nerve sheath.
How long does it take for papilledema to develop?
Etiology. The time course for development of papilledema may be weeks if there is only a slow and mild rise in intracranial pressure, but severe and rapid changes in pressure can cause papilledema to present within a day.
What are the symptoms of long standing papilledema?
Symptoms. Long standing papilledema may result in peripheral visual field loss as seen in IIH. Increased intracranial pressure can also lead to cranial nerve palsies, usually an abducens palsy. It is thought that the long course of the 6th cranial nerve is compressed by the increased CSF pressure.
How does papilledema affect the nerve head?
This leads to a buildup of material at the level of the lamina cribrosa, resulting in the characteristic swelling of the nerve head. Papilledema may be absent in cases of prior optic atrophy.