What drugs are cholinergic?
Examples of direct-acting cholinergic agents include choline esters (acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol, bethanechol) and alkaloids (muscarine, pilocarpine, cevimeline). Indirect-acting cholinergic agents increase the availability of acetylcholine at the cholinergic receptors.
What is cholinergic Toxidrome?
The cholinergic toxidrome represents the acute phase of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning. It results from the accumulation of excessive levels of acetylcholine in the synapses, glands, smooth muscles, and motor end plates where cholinergic receptors are found.
What is cholinergic syndrome?
Acute cholinergic syndrome includes signs and symptoms caused by the stimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. This may be due to excess acetylcholine caused by the inhibition of enzymes like acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which degrades acetylcholine, or due to exogenous parasympathetic stimulants.
What is cholinergic overdose?
Cholinergic toxicity is caused by substances that stimulate, enhance or mimic the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous systems. Acetylcholine stimulates muscarinic and nicotinic receptors to cause muscle contraction and glandular secretions.
What is a cholinergic agonist?
Cholinergic agonists are drugs that mimic the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The parasympathetic nervous system controls various organ and gland functions at rest, including digestion, defecation, lacrimation, salivation, and urination, and primarily uses acetylcholine as its main neurotransmitter.
What is cholinergic used for?
cholinergic drug, any of various drugs that inhibit, enhance, or mimic the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the primary transmitter of nerve impulses within the parasympathetic nervous system—i.e., that part of the autonomic nervous system that contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases …
What does Toxidrome mean?
Lystrup: The word toxidrome describes a group of signs and symptoms and/or characteristic effects associated with exposure to a particular substance or class of substances. Toxidromes are analogous to groups of symptoms associated with certain medical conditions.
What causes slud?
One common cause of SLUD is exposure to organophosphorus insecticides, including parathion, malathion, and diazinon. These agents phosphorylate acetylcholinesterase, thereby raising the acetylcholine levels and causing SLUD.
What are cholinergic symptoms?
Symptoms are predominantly caused by activation of muscarinic receptors that control the parasympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include bradycardia, wheezing, diaphoresis, miosis, diarrhea, and salivation. Activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors can also cause hypertension.
What are cholinergic agonists and cholinergic antagonists?
The two groups of drugs that affect the parasympathetic nervous system are the cholinergic agonists—muscarinic agonists or parasympathomimetics—and the cholinergic antagonists (blocking agents)—muscarinic antagonists, parasympatholytics, or more commonly called anticholinergics.
What does cholinergic agonist treat?
Cholinergic agonists are mainly used to treat: Myasthenia Gravis. Muscle weakness and fatigue associated with Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome.