What can cause a diffuse axonal injury?
A DAI is caused by shaking or strong rotation of the head by physical forces, such as with a car crash. Injury occurs because the unmoving brain lags behind the movement of the skull, causing nerve structures to tear. The tearing of the nerve tissue disrupts the brain’s regular communication and chemical processes.
How do you know if you have a diffuse axonal injury?
Generally, DAI is diagnosed after a traumatic brain injury with GCS less than 8 for more than six consecutive hours. Radiographically, computed tomography (CT) head findings of small punctate hemorrhages to white matter tracts can indicate diffuse axonal injury in the setting of an appropriate clinical presentation.
What causes pyonephrosis?
Pyonephrosis may be caused by a broad spectrum of pathologic conditions involving either an ascending infection of the urinary tract or the hematogenous spread of a bacterial pathogen. Risk factors for pyonephrosis include the following: Immunosuppression due to medications (eg, steroids)
Can you recover from diffuse axonal injury?
Outlook. DAI is a serious but common type of traumatic brain injury. It can be fatal, but it is also possible to regain consciousness after a DAI. For those who recover, intensive rehabilitation will be needed.
Can you recover from a DAI?
Mild DAI was observed in 44.9% of the patients and severe DAI in 35.9%. Six months after trauma, 30.8% of the patients had died, and 45.1% had shown full recovery according to the GOS-E.
How long can you live with brain damage?
Despite initial hospitalization and inpatient rehabilitation services, about 50% of people with TBI will experience further decline in their daily lives or die within 5 years of their injury. Some of the health consequences of TBI can be prevented or reduced.
Does diffuse axonal injury show up on MRI?
The most common MRI finding of DAI, as seen in the image below, is the presence of multifocal areas of abnormal signal (bright on T2-weighted images) at the white matter in the temporal or parietal corticomedullary junction or in the splenium of the corpus callosum.
What is Dai in the brain?
What is diffuse axonal injury (DAI)? Diffuse axonal injury is the shearing (tearing) of the brain’s long connecting nerve fibers (axons) that happens when the brain is injured as it shifts and rotates inside the bony skull. DAI usually causes coma and injury to many different parts of the brain.
Is pyonephrosis serious?
Acute pyelonephritis is a sudden and severe kidney infection. It causes the kidneys to swell and may permanently damage them. Pyelonephritis can be life-threatening.
Does pyelonephritis require hospitalization?
Outpatient Treatment. Most cases of uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis can be managed in the outpatient setting. However, patients who appear ill may have severe pyelonephritis or a complication of acute pyelonephritis and should be considered for hospitalization and further evaluation (Table 514).
Can you fully recover from a DAI?
What parts of the brain will be damaged due to a diffuse axonal injury?
DAI most commonly affects white matter in areas including the brain stem, the corpus callosum, and the cerebral hemispheres. The lobes of the brain most likely to be injured are the frontal and temporal lobes.
Can a spontaneous forniceal rupture be treated conservatively?
Spontaneous forniceal rupture is more likely to occur with smaller distal ureteric stones. Conservative management is a valid option in non-complicated cases. Intervention should be reserved to complicated cases or cases with sizable urinoma. Spontaneous forniceal rupture: Can it be treated conservatively? Urol Ann.
What causes a rupture of the renal fornice?
Renal forniceal rupture is a common finding in patients with ureteral obstruction. It is thought to be due to increased renal pelvis pressure from backup of urine, causing one or more renal fornices to leak urine. This phenomenon has not been systematically studied.
Can a ureteric stone cause a forniceal rupture?
For patients in whom a ureteric stone was the cause of forniceal rupture, the level of obstruction was proximal ureter in 24.3% of cases, distal ureter in 17.6% of cases and VUJ in 58.1% of cases.
When to use surgical treatment for acute sinusitis?
Surgical treatment for acute frontal sinusitis is undertaken when the infection fails to respond to conservative therapy (defined as the use of intravenous antibiotics and mucolytic agents along with topical and systemic decongestants for 3-5 days) or when dangerous complications arise.