How is DNA methylation regulated?
DNA methylation regulates gene expression by recruiting proteins involved in gene repression or by inhibiting the binding of transcription factor(s) to DNA. During development, the pattern of DNA methylation in the genome changes as a result of a dynamic process involving both de novo DNA methylation and demethylation.
What is the regulatory role of methylation of histones?
Histone methylation is important in modulating the accessibility of transcription factors to target genes and the subsequent changes in transcription. The site-specific methylation and demethylation of histone residues are catalyzed by methyltransferases and demethylases, respectively.
How does methylation of DNA affect protein synthesis?
DNA methylation is usually associated with gene silencing. If DNA methylation is required for the synthesis of necessary consolidative proteins, this would imply that a prerequisite for this synthesis is the silencing of one or more repressor genes.
Can DNA and histones be methylated?
Both DNA methylation and histone modification are involved in establishing patterns of gene repression during development. Certain forms of histone methylation cause local formation of heterochromatin, which is readily reversible, whereas DNA methylation leads to stable long-term repression.
How is histone methylation regulated?
There are instances of the core globular domains of histones being methylated as well. The histone methyltransferases are specific to either lysine or arginine. These methyls that are added to the histones act to regulate transcription by blocking or encouraging DNA access to transcription factors.
What does methylation do to protein?
Protein methylation commonly occurs on arginine, lysine, histidine, proline, and carboxyl groups. Protein methylation plays an important role in modulating cellular and biological processes, including transcriptional regulation, RNA processing, metabolism and signal transduction.
What is the function of the CHD3 gene?
The CHD3 gene provides instructions for making a protein that regulates gene activity (expression) by a process known as chromatin remodeling. Chromatin is the complex of DNA and protein that packages DNA into chromosomes. The structure of chromatin can be changed (remodeled) to alter how tightly DNA is packaged.
Why is histone lysine methylation important to chromatin?
Histone lysine methylation is an important component of the epigenetic system demarcating transcriptionally active and inactive chromatin domains. It is of primary importance in understanding how different histone lysine methylation marks and a specific combination of them are read and interpreted by chromatin proteins to regulate gene expression.
How does SENP1 interact with the CHD3 gene?
The SUMO protease SENP1 and the chromatin remodeler CHD3 interact and jointly affect chromatin accessibility and gene expression. J Biol Chem. 2018 Oct 5;293 (40):15439-15454. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.002844.
Which is the subfamily of CHD proteins in rice?
Phylogenetic analysis using the full length and the chromodomain sequences revealed that one CHR protein (CHR705) was a member of subfamily I (CHD1) and the other CHR proteins belonged to subfamily II (CHD3) of CHD proteins ( Fig. S1 ). No subfamily III member was found in rice or Arabidopsis.