What is VGLUT2?
Uptake of l-glutamate into synaptic vesicles is mediated by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). Three transporters (VGLUT1–VGLUT3) are expressed in the mammalian CNS, with partial overlapping expression patterns, and VGLUT2 is the most abundantly expressed paralog in the thalamus, midbrain, and brainstem.
What are glutamatergic neurons?
Glutamatergic neurons produce glutamate, which is one of the most common excitatory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS). There are several well-characterized glutamatergic neuron markers, which can help you identify your neuronal population.
How does glutamate affect memory?
Glutamate plays a prominent role in neural circuits involved with synaptic plasticity—the ability for strengthening or weakening of signaling between neurons over time to shape learning and memory. It strengthens connections between existing neurons. This process is called long-term potentiation (LTP).
How does glutamate cause Alzheimer’s?
In Alzheimer’s disease, glutamate released from astrocytes activates extrasynaptic NMDARs and triggers pro-apoptotic signaling (red) that overcomes synaptic NMDAR-mediated survival signaling (green) that is already undermined by other mechanisms such as the endocytosis of NMDARs, leading to further synaptic damage and …
How do you identify glutamatergic neurons?
Glutamatergic neurons can be identified through the detection of mRNA encoding vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluTs), which transport glutamate into synaptic vesicles at presynaptic terminals.
Does glutamate cause Alzheimer’s?
Excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission via N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is critical for synaptic plasticity and survival of neurons. However, excessive NMDAR activity causes excitotoxicity and promotes cell death, underlying a potential mechanism of neurodegeneration occurred in Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
What drug blocks glutamate receptors in patients who have Alzheimer’s disease?
It is used to slow the neurotoxicity thought to be involved in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Memantine blocks the NMDA-receptor subtype of glutamate receptors preventing over-activation of glutamine receptors while allowing the normal activity.
What are glutamatergic agents?
A glutamatergic agent (or drug) is a chemical that directly modulates the excitatory amino acid (glutamate/aspartate) system in the body or brain. Examples include excitatory amino acid receptor agonists, excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists, and excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitors.