What is lateral mobility of membrane proteins?
The lateral mobility of membrane lipids and proteins is presumed to play an important functional role in biomembranes. Depending on the protein, it has been shown that either the cytoplasmic domain or the ectodomain is the key determinant of its lateral mobility.
What transporter is in the apical membrane?
Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger (NHE3) Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3, SLC9A3) is an apical sodium-hydrogen transporter found on epithelial cells of the small and large intestine. It is responsible for the majority of NaCl and water absorption that occurs in the intestine (Hoogerwerf et al.
What is the difference between apical and basal membrane?
The membrane facing the lumen or free surface is known as the apical membrane, while the membrane oriented away from the lumen, contacting the extracellular matrix, is known as the basal membrane and the sides of the cell contacting the neighboring cells form the lateral membrane [1].
What is an apical membrane?
The apical membrane of a polarized cell is the part of the plasma membrane that forms its lumenal surface, distinct from the basolateral membrane. For example, epithelial cells have their apical surface exposed to the body exterior, or (depending on their location) an internal open space like the intestinal lumen.
What is lateral mobility?
The term lateral mobility refers to movement among occupational categories that does not result in an improvement in occupational status. Low-paid workers may also invest in their children’s educations and training, allowing for improvement in occupational status over generations.
What is the meaning of lateral movement?
Lateral means relating to the sides of something, or moving in a sideways direction.
What is lateral membrane?
The lateral membrane contains proteins for cell-cell adhesion, intercellular signaling, and cell-cell communication and is the only region of the plasma membrane where an epithelial cell interacts with other epithelial cells.
Where is apical membrane?
There are two different domains: the apical membrane facing the exterior of the organ and the basolateral membrane that faces the interior of the organ or neighboring cells inside the epithelium. The two membrane domains exhibit clearly different protein and lipid compositions.
What is apical movement?
Apical constriction is the process in which contraction of the apical side of a cell causes the cell to take on a wedged shape. Generally, this shape change is coordinated across many cells of an epithelial layer, generating forces that can bend or fold the cell sheet.
What is the purpose of the apical side of an epithelial cell?
The apical surface of epithelial cells, which lines the lumen of sac- and tube-shaped organs and the inner surfaces of the body cavities, forms the interface between the extracellular milieu and underlying tissues.
What is the apical side?
The apical side is the side that faces the opposite direction, usually towards the lumen (inside) of a tube.
What is lateral movement in cyber security?
Lateral movement refers to the techniques that a cyberattacker uses, after gaining initial access, to move deeper into a network in search of sensitive data and other high-value assets.
How are apical and basal surfaces of epithelial cells polarized?
Epithelial cells are polarized with an apical surface facing the lumen or external environment and a basal surface facing the basement membrane. The apical and basal surfaces have unique biochemical compositions. Epithelial cells adopt of variety of structures from single layers of flattened or columnar cells to multiple layers of cells.
What are the microvilli of the apical membrane?
The apical membrane of proximal tubular epithelial cells contains numerous microvilli that form the brush border. The brush border contains enzymes that carry out the specialized functions of the proximal tubule. Intracellular enzymes can be released into the urine with injury either by exocytosis or leakage.
What are the functions of the apical modifications?
1- Apical (Surface or luminal) modifications: It is specialized to carry out functions that occur at these interfaces, including secretion, absorption, and movement of luminal contents.
Which is an example of a apical membrane transporter?
The apical membrane contains a number of other transporters that bring organic anions into the proximal tubule cell by secondary active transport with Na+ energetics driving the inward movement of the anion. Examples include phosphate, lactate, citrate, succinate, and acetate.