What does V type ATPase do?
V-ATPases acidify a wide array of intracellular organelles and pump protons across the plasma membranes of numerous cell types. V-ATPases couple the energy of ATP hydrolysis to proton transport across intracellular and plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells.
How is ATPase regulated?
Because of the diversity of their functions, V-ATPase activity is controlled by a number of mechanisms. Regulated assembly of the V1 and V0 domains rapidly modulates V-ATPase activity in response to a variety of cues, including nutrient availability, growth factor stimulation and cellular differentiation.
What is V type pump?
Vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase), initially identified in yeast and plant vacuoles, pumps protons into the lumen of organelles coupled with ATP hydrolysis. The mammalian counterpart is found ubiquitously in endomembrane organelles and the plasma membrane of specialized cells such as osteoclasts.
What is the meaning of ATPase?
Definition of ATPase : an enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP especially : one that hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate.
What is the role of ATPase in photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Plants produce carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water through the photosynthetic process. Plasma membrane H+-ATPase, a crucial enzyme for plant life, acts as a primary transporter in fungi and plants. It actively transports H+ to extracellular spaces using the energy provided by ATP hydrolysis.
What is vacuolar H+ ATPase?
The vacuolar (V-)ATPases are ATP-driven proton pumps that function to acidify intracellular compartments and transport protons across the plasma membrane. They function in various normal and disease processes, including membrane trafficking, protein degradation, bone resorption and tumour metastasis.
Where is ATPase synthesized?
mitochondria
ATP is synthesized from its precursor, ADP, by ATP synthases. These enzymes are found in the cristae and the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, and the plasma membrane of bacteria [5].
Where is carbon dioxide produced in the mitochondrion?
Within the central compartment of the inner mitochondrial membrane are the Krebs cycle enzymes that, in a cyclical series of chemical reactions, break down the two-carbon fragments to carbon dioxide. As part of these breakdown reactions high energy electrons are produced.
What is the function of mTOR Complex 2?
The second complex, mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), is composed of mTOR, Rictor, GβL, Sin1, PRR5/Protor-1, and DEPTOR. mTORC2 promotes cellular survival by activating Akt, regulates cytoskeletal dynamics by activating PKCα, and controls ion transport and growth via SGK1 phosphorylation.
How are amino acids used to signal to mTORC1?
In contrast, amino acids signal to mTORC1 independently of the PI3K/Akt axis to promote the translocation of mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface where it can become activated upon contact with Rheb. This process is mediated by the coordinated actions of multiple complexes, notably the v-ATPase, Ragulator, the Rag GTPases, and GATOR1/2.
Which is a stimulator of mTORC1 kinase activity?
The small GTPase Rheb, in its GTP-bound state, is a necessary and potent stimulator of mTORC1 kinase activity, which is negatively regulated by its GAP, the tuberous sclerosis heterodimer TSC1/2. Most upstream inputs are funneled through Akt and TSC1/2 to regulate the nucleotide-loading state of Rheb.
What kind of disease is aberrant mTOR signaling involved in?
Aberrant mTOR signaling is involved in many disease states including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.