What are perivascular nerves?
Cerebral pial vessels are innervated by perivascular nerves that originate peripherally from both autonomic and sensory ganglia, including sympathetic, parasympathetic, and trigeminal. Stimulation of parasympathetic nerves has potent vasodilator effects on cerebral arteries, and increases cerebral blood flow [60,61].
What is sural nerve entrapment?
Sural nerve entrapment was first described in 1974 [1]. The SN (also known as the short saphenous nerve) is a sensory nerve that can be entrapment in different locations, causing pain in the calf as well as the lateral ankle and foot.
What is the sural nerve?
Introduction. The sural nerve is a cutaneous nerve, providing only sensation to the posterolateral aspect of the distal third of the leg and the lateral aspect of the foot, heel, and ankle.
What is the perivascular space?
Perivascular spaces (PVSs), also known as Virchow-Robin spaces, are pial-lined, fluid-filled structures found in characteristic locations throughout the brain. They can become abnormally enlarged or dilated and in rare cases can cause hydrocephalus.
Do arteries have sensory innervation?
Small arteries, which play important roles in controlling blood flow, blood pressure, and capillary pressure, are under nervous influence. Their innervation is predominantly sympathetic and sensory motor in nature, and while some arteries are densely innervated, others are only sparsely so.
What nerve controls outside of foot?
Causes. The peroneal nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve, which supplies movement and sensation to the lower leg, foot and toes. Common peroneal nerve dysfunction is a type of peripheral neuropathy (damage to nerves outside the brain or spinal cord).
What is Baxter’s nerve entrapment?
Baxter’s nerve entrapment occurs when a small nerve (known as Baxter’s nerve or, more specifically, the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve) becomes pinched (impinged) between two muscles of the inner foot.
Where is the sural nerve located in the foot?
The nerve is located near the midline in the lower leg and travels behind the lateral malleolus to innervate the foot. The sural nerve supplies sensation to the posterolateral aspect of the calf and the lateral aspect of the foot.
What causes peripheral neuropathy sural nerve?
If affected, it can be due to a mass lesion such as a ganglion or to trauma, which is the most common cause. Sometimes inflammatory or vasculitic diseases will selectively involve the sural nerve. In addition, the sural nerve will be involved in any kind of generalized peripheral sensory or sensorimotor neuropathy.
Where is the perivascular located?
Perivascular spaces are most commonly located in the basal ganglia and white matter of the cerebrum, and along the optic tract. The ideal method used to visualize perivascular spaces is T2-weighted MRI.