What diseases can the smooth ER cause?
There is accumulating evidence implicating prolonged ER stress in the development and progression of many diseases, including neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, liver disease, and cancer.
What happens when smooth ER malfunctions?
A malfunction of the ER stress response caused by aging, genetic mutations, or environmental factors can result in various diseases such as diabetes, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and bipolar disorder, which are collectively known as ‘conformational …
What diseases are caused by ribosomes?
Mutations in small ribosomal subunit biogenesis proteins that cause disease
- Treacle – Treacher Collins syndrome.
- UTP14 – male infertility.
- Cirhin – North American Indian childhood cirrhosis (NAIC)
- EMG1 – Bowen-Conradi syndrome (BCS)
What happens when endoplasmic reticulum malfunctions?
How do you stop ER stress?
Several ER response mechanisms can be employed to reduce unfolded protein load and alleviate ER stress, including (14): 1) induction of ER chaperones to enhance folding activity in the luminal ER; 2) up-regulation of protein kinase-like ER kinase or PERK to inhibit translation and reduce the load of newly synthesized …
What does protein trafficking refer to?
Protein trafficking is the transport of proteins to their correct subcellular compartments or to the extracellular space (“secretory pathway”). Endo- and exocytosis describe vesicle budding and fusion at the plasma membrane and are by most authors not included in the term protein trafficking.
What is the effect of the drug thapsigargin?
Thapsigargin raises cytosolic (intracellular) calcium concentration by blocking the ability of the cell to pump calcium into the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticula. Store-depletion can secondarily activate plasma membrane calcium channels, allowing an influx of calcium into the cytosol.