Are adipokines good or bad?
Adipokines are involved in a ‘good-bad’, yin-yang homoeostatic balance whereby there are substantial benefits: cardioprotection, promoting endothelial function, angiogenesis and reducing hypertension, atherosclerosis and inflammation.
What are the effects of adipokines?
A dysregulation of adipokines has been implicated in obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease and an ever-growing larger list of pathological changes in a number of organs.
What is Adipokine leptin?
Leptin is an adipokine with central importance in the global obesity problem and consequent cardiovascular disease and is principally secreted by adipocytes and acts in the hypothalamus to suppress appetite and food intake, increase energy expenditure, and regulate body weight.
How many adipokines are there?
The main adipokines include leptin, adiponectin, resistin, tumor-necrosis factor, interleukin 6, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2, interleukin 10, and transforming growth factor-β.
Are adipokines cytokines?
Adipokines are a family of hormones and cytokines with both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects that are secreted by adipose tissue. Family members include the aforementioned TNF-α and IL-6 (pro-inflammatory), leptin, and adiponectin, among others.
Is adiponectin an Adipokine?
Adiponectin is a recently described adipokine that has been recognized as a key regulator of insulin sensitivity and tissue inflammation. It is produced by adipose tissue (white and brown) and circulates in the blood at very high concentrations.
What causes adipokine release?
Furthermore, most of the adipokine release by the nonfat cells of adipose tissue was due to cells retained in the tissue matrix after collagenase digestion. RECENTLY, THE CONCEPT of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ has become accepted (1–5).
Are Adipokines cytokines?
Is TNF alpha an adipokine?
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a multifunctional cytokine and adipokine, exerts pleiotropic effects on many cell types and tissues. As an adipokine, this protein negatively regulates many aspects of glucose and lipid metabolism.
What adipokine causes insulin resistance?
Inflammatory responses in adipose tissues become self-generating that eventually leads to increased local and systemic levels of various pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) that are causative for insulin resistance.
Which of the following is an adipokine?
The adipokines include leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin (from visceral fat), retinol-binding protein 4 (which induces insulin resistance), and vaspin (found in visceral fat and has insulin-sensitizing actions).
Is il6 an adipokine?
Adipokines are Proinflammatory Adipokines, such as leptin, IL-6, TNF, visfatin, adiponectin, resistin, omentin, and others are a group of cytokines secreted by the adipose tissue.