What causes Fontan associated liver disease?
Fontan physiology. Increased venous pressures and decreased cardiac output and hepatic venous drainage result in sinusoidal dilatation around the central veins. This causes congestion and hypoxia in the liver, leading to Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD).
What are hepatic nodules?
Hepatic adenoma is a benign tumor that starts from hepatocytes (the main type of liver cell). Most cause no symptoms and do not need treatment. But some eventually cause symptoms, such as pain or a lump in the abdomen (stomach area) or blood loss.
What happens when you have a tumor on your liver?
Some liver tumors make hormones that act on organs other than the liver. These hormones may cause: High blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia), which can cause nausea, confusion, constipation, weakness, or muscle problems. Low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia), which can cause fatigue or fainting.
Can Fibroscan detect HCC?
Fibroscan can be a good technique for detection of HCC high-risk cirrhotic patients and can be of great added value if incorporated in the current HCC screening protocols in hepatitis C cirrhotic patients.
What causes liver nodules?
Non-malignant causes of liver nodules include cysts (simple cysts and multiple cysts typically associated with polycystic kidney disease), hepatic adenomas, focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), hemangiomas, regenerative nodules, and various infections, including bacterial liver abscesses and infections secondary to …
What kind of liver disease is associated with Fontan?
However, Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD) and multiple liver nodules including benign tumors—such as focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), hepatic adenoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)—can develop postoperatively 4, 5, 6.
How is the lymphatic system affected by Fontan?
Patients with Fontan circulation also have impaired lymphatic drainage. The lymphatic system can act as a pressure pop-off when functioning normally. The Fontan operation was first performed in 1968, with improved techniques and survival in subsequent decades.
What is the medical term for Fontan failure?
The term “Fontan failure” is generally applied to failure of the Fontan circulation causes the composite of all-cause mortality 12. In other word, many complications were observed (Table 1 a). The hemodynamic consequences of FALD vary based on the extent and stage of the liver involvement and may encompass the heart, lungs, and kidneys.
How is the Fontan procedure used to treat congenital heart disease?
The Fontan procedure is a palliative operation for patients with single-ventricle congenital heart disease, in which the superior vena cava (SVC) drains into the distal right pulmonary artery (PA) 1. The Fontan operation creates a unique circulation and has a broad spectrum of late outcomes.