What are the bronchial pulmonary segments?
A bronchopulmonary segment is a portion of lung supplied by a specific segmental bronchus and its vessels. These arteries branch from the pulmonary and bronchial arteries, and run together through the center of the segment. Veins and lymphatic vessels drain along the edges of the segment.
Where is segment 4a in the liver?
left medial section: segment 4a above and segment 4b below the portal plane. right anterior (or medial) section: segment 8 above and segment 5 below the portal plane.
What is a bronchopulmonary segment and why are these clinically relevant?
Gross anatomy Each segment has its own pulmonary arterial branch and thus, the bronchopulmonary segment is a portion of lung supplied by its own bronchus and artery. Each segment is functionally and anatomically discrete allowing a single segment to be surgically resected without affecting its neighbouring segments.
What are lung segments?
In general, each lung has 10 segments: the upper lobes contain 3 segments, the middle lobe / lingula 2 and the lower lobes 5. Bilaterally, the upper lobes have apical, posterior and anterior segments and the lower lobes superior (apical) and 4 basal segments (anterior, medial, posterior and lateral).
How many segments are in left lung?
There are ten segments in the right lung (upper lobe, three; middle lobe, two; lower lobe, five) and eight segments in the left lung (upper lobe, four; lower lobe, four). Each segment has a different morphology, size and blood vessel branch, which depend on its site, and there are many variations among patients (5-7).
Why is the liver divided into sections?
Anatomically, the liver is viewed as having four main lobes. However, the distribution of the portal blood supply and biliary drainage of the liver allows the organ to be functionally divided into four sectors, which are subsequently divided to give a total of eight segments.
Is Segment 4 right or left?
Segment IV is the medial segment of the left lobe. Segments II, III, and IV collectively make up the functional left lobe of the liver. The functional right lobe of the liver is made up of segments V and VIII, the anterior segments, and segments VI and VII, the posterior segments.
Is the liver divided into segments?
The Couinaud classification divides the liver into 8 functional segments. The hepatic veins are found at the periphery of each segment, whereas the center has branches of the portal veins, hepatic arteries, and bile ducts. The middle hepatic vein divides the liver into left and right lobes.
Which bronchopulmonary segment is more prone to infection and why?
The apical segmental bronchus is the most superior bronchus of the posterior aspect of the bronchial tree; hence, this segment is particularly prone to aspiration of fluid when a patient lies supine.
How many segments does the right lung have?
What is the clinical presentation of bronchiectasis?
Clinical presentation. Bronchiectasis typically presents with recurrent chest infections, production of copious amounts of sputum and haemoptysis. The later is often the only symptom and is encountered in up to 50% of cases 9.
What do tram track opacities mean in cystic bronchiectasis?
Tram-track opacities are seen in cylindrical bronchiectasis, and air-fluid levels may be seen in cystic bronchiectasis. Overall there appears to be an increase in bronchovascular markings, and bronchi seen end-on may appear as ring shadows 8. Pulmonary vasculature appears ill-defined, thought to represent peribronchovascular fibrosis 8,9.
Which is the best classification of hepatic segments?
Couinaud classification of hepatic segments. Dr Sonam Vadera and Dr Jeremy Jones ◉ et al. The Couinaud classification (pronounced kwee-NO) is currently the most widely used system to describe functional liver anatomy.
Where does the resection of the liver take place?
The division of the liver into self-contained units allows the surgical resection of individual segments and sections without damaging those segments remaining. Hence for the liver to remain viable, resections occur along the hepatic veins and portal veins in the planes that define the boundaries of these segments.