What is the effect of translocation in chromosome?
Depending on the chromosome breakpoints, a translocation can result in the disruption or misregulation of normal gene function. These molecular rearrangements, in many cases, are considered to be the primary cause of various cancers.
How does translocation affect gene expression?
Translocations are known to affect the expression of genes at the breakpoints and, in the case of unbalanced translocations, alter the gene copy number.
How can a chromosomal translocation lead to cancer?
Chromosomal translocations in certain cases can result either in the fusion of genes or in bringing genes close to enhancer or promoter elements, hence leading to their altered expression. Moreover, chromosomal translocations are used as diagnostic markers for cancer and its therapeutics.
Why does chromosomal translocation occur?
Translocations occur when chromosomes become broken during meiosis and the resulting fragment becomes joined to another chromosome. Reciprocal translocations: In a balanced reciprocal translocation (Fig. 2.3), genetic material is exchanged between two chromosomes with no apparent loss.
What happens translocation?
Translocations. A translocation occurs when a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This type of rearrangement is described as balanced if no genetic material is gained or lost in the cell. If there is a gain or loss of genetic material, the translocation is described as unbalanced .
When does chromosomal translocation occur?
How do chromosomal alterations affect gene expression?
Bottom: chromosome rearrangements may disrupt loops that occur between genes in multigene complexes, causing hierarchical gene expression effects. In this example, the association with gene 1 at a site of transcription causes gene 2 to associate, which in turn causes gene 3 to do the same.
When does chromosomal translocation happen?
What is a translocation chromosomal mutation?
Translocation is a type of chromosomal abnormality in which a chromosome breaks and a portion of it reattaches to a different chromosome. Chromosomal translocations can be detected by analyzing karyotypes of the affected cells.
What does translocation mutation cause?
Translocation mutations cause cancers such as leukaemia, infertility and XX male syndrome, etc. Infertility occurs when one of the parents carries a balanced translocation resulting in non-viable fetus even though the parent conceives. XX male syndrome occurs due to the translocation of the SRY gene of the Y chromosome to X chromosome .
What are translocation mutations?
Single-base substitutions. A single base,say an A,becomes replaced by another.
What is meant by translocation?
Medical Definition of translocation. 1 : transfer of part of a chromosome to a different position especially on a nonhomologous chromosome especially : the exchange of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes.
What is translocation in biology?
In biology, translocation refers to two completely different processes. In botany, or the study of plants, translocation is the movement of material from one place to another within a plant. In botany, or the study of plants, translocation is the movement of material from one place to another within a plant. In genetics, it is the exchange of parts between two chromosomes.